| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,940,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,140,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥1,820,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥420,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
This study compared types of abilities tested in university entrance examinations in Japan, United States and France through the analysis of questions of exams and preparatory education in high schools. Based on the analysis, a typology with types of knowledge (experiential versus academic) and objective (instrumental versus value) as indices was proposed. Three types of abilities were extracted from the typology: communal, generic and political. Japanese National Center Test examines the ability to infer human emotions, whereas the American SAT measures effective reasoning for versatile application. French baccalaureate tests the mastery of dialectical procedure for innovation. Entrance examinations reveal the types of abilities and attitude each society values and that in turn elucidates necessary conditions for the elites in each society.
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