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Analysis of rhythmic structures of real-time communication

Research Project

Project/Area Number 23653227
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Research Field Experimental psychology
Research InstitutionKyushu University

Principal Investigator

NAKAJIMA Yoshitaka  九州大学, 芸術工学研究科(研究院), 教授 (90127267)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) UEDA Kazuo  九州大学, 大学院・芸術工学研究院, 准教授 (80254316)
TAKEICHI Hiroshige  独立行政法人理化学研究所, 脳数理研究チーム, 研究員 (60242020)
TOMIMATSU Erika  九州大学, 大学院・芸術工学研究院, 学術研究員 (20584668)
Project Period (FY) 2011 – 2013
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2013)
Budget Amount *help
¥3,510,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥810,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Keywordsコミュニケーション / リズム / 時間知覚 / 精神物理学 / 脳活動 / 空虚時間 / 充実時間 / 多変量解析 / 言語コミュニケーション / 音声 / 時間的規則性 / 事象関連電位 / 相関行列 / リズム知覚
Research Abstract

The relationship between auditory time perception and visual time perception was investigated. The (continuously-)filled-duration as observed frequently in the auditory modality for time intervals shorter than 1 s was established also in the visual modality utilizing a new type of stimulus patterns in which random-dot figures were used. How two adjacent time intervals marked by sound bursts were perceived as equal or unequal was investigated from a viewpoint on which brain science and psychophysics are merged. Rhythmic patterns of infants' speech in the linguistic environments of Japanese, English, and Chinese were studied and compared. Multimodal analyses of English speech communication are on a pilot stage.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2013 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2012 Research-status Report
  • 2011 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (59 results)

All 2014 2013 2012 2011 Other

All Journal Article (9 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 9 results) Presentation (46 results) Book (2 results) Remarks (2 results)

  • [Journal Article] The occurrence of the filled duration illusion : A comparison of the method of adjustment with the method of maenitude estimation2014

    • Author(s)
      Hasuo, E., Nakajima, Y. Tomimatsu, E., Grondin, S., Ueda, K.
    • Journal Title

      Acta Psychologica

      Volume: 147 Pages: 111-121

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.10.003

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report 2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Acoustic analyses of speech sounds and rhythms in Japanese- and English-learning infants2013

    • Author(s)
      Yuko Yamashita, Yoshitaka Nakajima, Kazuo Ueda, Yohko Shimada, David Hirsh, Takeharu Seno, and Benjamin Alexander Smith
    • Journal Title

      Frontiers inPsychology

      Volume: 4: 57 Pages: 1-10

    • DOI

      10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00057

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report 2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Illusory continuity without sufficient sound energy to fill a temporal gap : Examples of crossing glide tones2012

    • Author(s)
      Kuroda, T., Nakajima, Y., Eguchi, S.
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance

      Volume: (Advance online publication) Issue: 5 Pages: 1254-1267

    • DOI

      10.1037/a0026629

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report 2011 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Effects of temporal shapes of sound markers on the perception of inter-onset time intervals2012

    • Author(s)
      Hasuo, E., Nakajima, Y., Osawa, S., Fujishima, H.
    • Journal Title

      Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics

      Volume: 74 Issue: 2 Pages: 430-445

    • DOI

      10.3758/s13414-011-0236-1

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report 2011 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Halt and recovery of illusory motion perception from peripherally viewed static images2011

    • Author(s)
      Tomimatsu, E., Ito, H., Sunaga, S.
    • Journal Title

      Attention, Perception & Psychophysics

      Volume: 73 Issue: 6 Pages: 1823-1832

    • DOI

      10.3758/s13414-011-0131-9

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report 2011 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Human processing of short temporal intervals as revealed by an ERP waveform analysis2011

    • Author(s)
      Nakajima, Y., Takeichi, H.
    • Journal Title

      Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience

      Volume: (In press)

    • DOI

      10.3389/fnint.2011.00074

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report 2011 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A neural decoding approach to auditory temporal assimilation2011

    • Author(s)
      Takeichi, H., Mitsudo, T., Nakajima, Y., Remijn, G.B., Goto, Y., Tobimatsu, S
    • Journal Title

      Neural Computing and Applications

      Volume: Vol.20 Pages: 965-973

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Perception of English plural /s/ and /z/ in young Japanese adults2011

    • Author(s)
      Remijn, G. B., Ueda, K., Toyooka, T., and Nakajima, Y.
    • Journal Title

      芸術工学研究

      Volume: 15 Pages: 65-70

    • NAID

      40019155069

    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A Neural Decoding Approach to Auditory Temporal Assimilation2011

    • Author(s)
      Takeichi H, et al
    • Journal Title

      Neural Comput Appl

      Volume: 20 Issue: 7 Pages: 965-973

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00521-010-0399-z

    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] 聴覚の文法2014

    • Author(s)
      中島 祥好, 佐々木隆之, 上田和夫, G.B. Remijn
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会春季研究発表会
    • Place of Presentation
      日本大学
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Comparison of factors extracted from power fluctuations in critical-band-filtered homophonic choral music2013

    • Author(s)
      Ueda, K., Nakajima, Y
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      同志社大学, 京都
    • Year and Date
      2013-05-25
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report 2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 視覚における1 秒以下の空虚時間と充実時間の主観的時間長2013

    • Author(s)
      富松江梨佳, 中島祥好, 伊藤裕之, Mark A. Elliot
    • Organizer
      日本視覚学会2013年冬季大会
    • Place of Presentation
      工学院大学アーバンティックホール, 東京
    • Year and Date
      2013-01-23
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Perceptual processing of pairs of acoustically marked time intervals : Correspondence between psychophysiological data2013

    • Author(s)
      Nakajima, Y., Takeichi, H., Mitsudo, T., Tobimatsu, S
    • Organizer
      29th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics Fechner Day 2013
    • Place of Presentation
      Freiburg i. Br., Germany
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 「聴覚の文法」2013

    • Author(s)
      中島 祥好
    • Organizer
      テーマワークショップ (TWS): 聴覚科学研究最前線
    • Place of Presentation
      東京大学 生産技術研究所 合原研究室
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Perceptual processing of pairs of acoustically marked time intervals: Correspondence between psychophysical and electrophysiological data2013

    • Author(s)
      Nakajima, Y., Takeichi, H., Mitsudo, T., & Tobimatsu, S.
    • Organizer
      29th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics Fechner Day 2013
    • Place of Presentation
      Freiburg i.Br., Germany
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 調波複合音における成分の立ち下がりまでの時間と周波数が終端音現象の生起頻度に及ぼす影響2013

    • Author(s)
      串田之和, 中島祥好, 平野太郎
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      豊橋技術科学大学, 愛知
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 朗読音声と歌唱音声との因子分析2012

    • Author(s)
      中島祥好, 竹市博臣, 木寺沙紀, 上田和夫, 岸田拓也
    • Organizer
      日本基礎心理学会第31回大会
    • Place of Presentation
      九州大学医学部百年講堂, 福岡
    • Year and Date
      2012-11-03
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Acoustic correlate of phonological sonority in British English2012

    • Author(s)
      Nakajima, Y., Ueda, K., Fujimaru, S., Motomura, H., Ohsaka, Y
    • Organizer
      28th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics
    • Place of Presentation
      Ottawa, Canada
    • Year and Date
      2012-10-12
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Perceptual roles of different frequency bands in Japanese syllable identification2012

    • Author(s)
      Ueda, K., Nakajima, Y. Noguchi, K., Satsukawa, Y
    • Organizer
      28th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics
    • Place of Presentation
      Ottawa, Canada
    • Year and Date
      2012-10-12
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Electrophysiological substrates of auditory temporal assimilation between two neighboring time intervals2012

    • Author(s)
      Mitsudo, T., Nakajima, Y., Remijn, G.B., Takeichi, H., Goto, Y., Tobimatsu, S
    • Organizer
      12th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music
    • Place of Presentation
      Thessaloniki, Greece
    • Year and Date
      2012-07-21
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Multivariate analyses of speech signals in singing and non-singing voices2012

    • Author(s)
      Nakajima, Y., Takeichi, H., Kidera, S., Ueda, K
    • Organizer
      12th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music
    • Place of Presentation
      Thessaloniki, Greece
    • Year and Date
      2012-07-21
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Comparison of factors extracted from power fluctuations in critical-band-filtered homophonic choral music2012

    • Author(s)
      Ueda, K., Nakajima, Y
    • Organizer
      12th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music
    • Place of Presentation
      Thessaloniki, Greece
    • Year and Date
      2012-07-21
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Electrophysiological correlates of subjective equality and inequality between neighboring time intervals2012

    • Author(s)
      Takeichi, H., Mitsudo, T., Nakajima, Y., Tobimatsu, S
    • Organizer
      12th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music
    • Place of Presentation
      Thessaloniki, Greece
    • Year and Date
      2012-07-21
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 多変量解析による時間知覚の脳内機序の解明 : 時間同化現象の分析2012

    • Author(s)
      竹市博臣, 光藤崇子, 中島祥好, 飛松省三
    • Organizer
      第27回日本生体磁気学会大会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京電機大学千住キャンパス, 東京
    • Year and Date
      2012-05-31
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] ランダムドット図形によって示された空虚時間と充実時間との主観的時間長の比較2012

    • Author(s)
      富松江梨佳, 中島祥好
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      那覇市IT創造館, 那覇
    • Year and Date
      2012-02-05
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 無関連な雑音駆動音声の妨害効果2012

    • Author(s)
      堂本香那, 上田和夫, 中島祥好, Wolfgang Ellermeier, Florian Kattner
    • Organizer
      音響学会春季研究発表会
    • Place of Presentation
      神奈川大学(神奈川)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 乳幼児期における音声生成の発達過程 ~ 日本語圏と英語圏の比較 ~2012

    • Author(s)
      山下友子, 中島祥好, 上田和夫, 嶋田容子, David Hirsh
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      理化学研究所(埼玉)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 周波数帯域の除去が雑音駆動音声の知覚に与える影響 ~ 複数話者における分析 ~2012

    • Author(s)
      野口聖人, 佐津川裕一, 上田和夫, 中島祥好
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      理化学研究所(埼玉)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 3つの単音で区切られた隣接する2つの時間間隔の知覚における同化と対比について2012

    • Author(s)
      松田瑞希, 中島祥好
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      那覇市IT創造館(那覇)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 空隙転移錯覚の生起に及ぼす音要素の時間的布置の影響2012

    • Author(s)
      上村佑基,中島祥好, Gerard B. Remijn
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      那覇市IT創造館(那覇)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 終端音現象における終端音の長さの知覚2012

    • Author(s)
      平野太郎,寺田知未,中島祥好,Gerard B. Remijn
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      那覇市IT創造館(那覇)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] ランダムドット図形によって示された空虚時間と充実時間との主観的時間長の比較2012

    • Author(s)
      富松江梨佳, 中島祥好
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      那覇市IT創造館(那覇)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 通常音声およびささやき声の聴取によって生ずる事象関連電位と行動的指標2012

    • Author(s)
      成英枝,Gerard B. Remijn, 上田和夫,中島祥好
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      那覇市IT創造館(那覇)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Factor analyses of critical-band-filtered infant babbling2011

    • Author(s)
      Nakajima, Y., Shimada, Y., Motomura, H., Ueda, K., Seno, T
    • Organizer
      The 161st Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America
    • Place of Presentation
      Seattle, Washington, USA
    • Year and Date
      2011-05-26
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report 2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 視覚呈示された数字の短期記憶におよぼす無関連な雑音駆動音声の妨害効果2011

    • Author(s)
      堂本香那, 上田和夫, 中島祥好, Wolfgang Ellermeier, Florian Kattner
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      熊本県立大学(熊本)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 周波数帯域の除去が雑音駆動音声の知覚に与える影響 : 伝達情報量を用いた異聴データの分析2011

    • Author(s)
      野口聖人,佐津川裕一,上田和夫,中島祥好
    • Organizer
      2011年度 日本音響学会九州支部 第9 回学生のための研究発表会
    • Place of Presentation
      大分大学(大分)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 中国語の子音/x/と/j/の時間長が知覚に及ぼす影響2011

    • Author(s)
      李峰,王琳,中島祥好,上田和夫
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      牛岳温泉リゾート(富山)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 乳幼児期の喃語から一語文における音声生成発達の過程2011

    • Author(s)
      山下友子, 中島祥好, 上田和夫, 嶋田容子
    • Organizer
      第25回日本音声学会全国大会
    • Place of Presentation
      京都大学(京都)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 日本語およびドイツ語の雑音駆動音声の明瞭性2011

    • Author(s)
      堂本香那, 上田和夫, 中島祥好, Wolfgang Ellermeier, Florian Kattner
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会秋季研究発表会
    • Place of Presentation
      島根大学(島根)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 臨界帯域フィルターを通した合唱音楽のパワー変化の因子分析2011

    • Author(s)
      上田和夫, 中島祥好
    • Organizer
      日本心理学会第75回大会
    • Place of Presentation
      日本大学(東京)
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Factor analyses of power fluctuations in critical-band-filtered chorus2011

    • Author(s)
      Ueda, K., and Nakajima, Y.
    • Organizer
      The 4th Conference of the Asia-Pacific Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music (APSCOM 4)
    • Place of Presentation
      Beijing, China
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Effects of Frequency-Band Elimination on Syllable Identification of Japanese Monosyllabic Noise-Vocoded Speech2011

    • Author(s)
      Ueda, K., Nakajima, Y., and Satsukawa, Y.
    • Organizer
      Auditory Research Meeting
    • Place of Presentation
      Kyotanabe, Kyoto
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 多変量解析による時間知覚の脳内機序の解明:時間同化現象の分析

    • Author(s)
      竹市博臣,光藤崇子,中島祥好,飛松省三
    • Organizer
      第27回日本生体磁気学会大会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京電機大学千住キャンパス(東京)
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Electrophysiological substrates of auditory temporal assimilation between two neighboring time intervals

    • Author(s)
      Mitsudo T, Nakajima Y, Remijn GB, Takeichi H, Goto Y, Tobimatsu S
    • Organizer
      12th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music
    • Place of Presentation
      Thessaloniki, Greece
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Multivariate analyses of speech signals in singing and non-singing voices

    • Author(s)
      Nakajima Y, Takeichi H, Kidera S, Ueda K
    • Organizer
      12th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music
    • Place of Presentation
      Thessaloniki, Greece
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Comparison of factors extracted from power fluctuations in critical-band-filtered homophonic choral music

    • Author(s)
      Ueda K, Nakajima Y
    • Organizer
      12th Internarional Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music
    • Place of Presentation
      Thessaloniki, Greece
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Electrophysiological correlates of subjective equality and inequality between neighboring time intervals

    • Author(s)
      Takeichi H, Mitsudo T, Nakajima Y, Tobimatsu S
    • Organizer
      12th Internarional Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music
    • Place of Presentation
      Thessaloniki, Greece
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Acoustic correlate of phonological sonority in British English

    • Author(s)
      Nakajima Y, Ueda K, Fujimaru S, Motomura H, Ohsaka Y
    • Organizer
      28th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics
    • Place of Presentation
      Ottawa, Canada
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Perceptual roles of different frequency bands in Japanese syllable identification

    • Author(s)
      Ueda K, Nakajima Y, Noguchi K, Satsukawa Y
    • Organizer
      28th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics
    • Place of Presentation
      Ottawa, Canada
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 合唱音楽の各臨界帯域におけるパワー変化の因子分析:通常音声との比較

    • Author(s)
      上田和夫,中島祥好
    • Organizer
      日本基礎心理学会第31回大会
    • Place of Presentation
      九州大学医学部百年講堂(福岡)
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Bhattacharyya距離を用いた時間知覚に関連する脳磁場の分析

    • Author(s)
      竹市博臣,中島祥好,光藤崇子,飛松省三
    • Organizer
      日本基礎心理学会第31回大会
    • Place of Presentation
      九州大学医学部百年講堂(福岡)
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 朗読音声と歌唱音声との因子分析

    • Author(s)
      中島祥好,竹市博臣,木寺沙紀,上田和夫,岸田拓也
    • Organizer
      日本基礎心理学会第31回大会
    • Place of Presentation
      九州大学医学部百年講堂(福岡)
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] リズム判断時の脳活動:脳磁図による検討

    • Author(s)
      光藤崇子,中島祥好,廣永成人,竹市博臣,飛松省三
    • Organizer
      日本基礎心理学会第31回大会
    • Place of Presentation
      九州大学医学部百年講堂(福岡)
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 歌唱音声の多変量解析と再合成

    • Author(s)
      岸田拓也,中島祥好,上田和夫,竹市博臣
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会聴覚研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      門司海員会館(福岡)
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 視覚における 1 秒以下の空虚時間と充実時間の主観的時間長

    • Author(s)
      富松江梨佳,中島祥好,伊藤裕之,Mark A. Elliott
    • Organizer
      日本視覚学会2013年冬季大会
    • Place of Presentation
      工学院大学アーバンティックホール(東京)
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Book] ジェラードB. レメイン : 聴覚の文法(音響サイエンスシリーズ8)2014

    • Author(s)
      中島祥好, 佐々木隆之, 上田和夫
    • Total Pages
      169
    • Publisher
      コロナ社
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Book] 聴覚の文法 (音響サイエンスシリーズ 8)2014

    • Author(s)
      中島 祥好, 佐々木 隆之, 上田 和夫, ジェラード B.レメイン
    • Total Pages
      169
    • Publisher
      コロナ社
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://www.design.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~ynhome/

    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] 取得済み特許:産業財産権の名称「子音加工装置, 音声情報伝達装置及び子音加工方法」,発明者:中島祥好,安武達郎;権利者:国立大学法人九州大学;特許,特許第4876245号;出願:2006.2.17;取得:2011.12.9;国内

    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report

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Published: 2011-08-05   Modified: 2019-07-29  

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