| Budget Amount *help |
¥3,640,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥840,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
This study conducted research with the following two aims: to trace the life and works of Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-64), a 19th-century American writer, from a viewpoint of gender and to illuminate the specificities of the society and culture of antebellum America in which Hawthorne lived. The study has placed a special emphasis on the reconsideration of Hawthorne’s works after the late 1850s, including his unpublished works, in the context of the Civil War. These later works have long been neglected as failures but have come to be reevaluated in recent years. This study has prepared a new literary biography of Hawthorne that encompasses these long undervalued works.
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