| Budget Amount *help |
¥3,770,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥870,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
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| Research Abstract |
Multiple forums of developments of laws, including legislature and courts, both at state and federal level, provide private actors with opportunity to switch forums in order to seek laws they want. This shows that weakness of the autonomy of American legal system, and it is closer to sub-system of the political system, especially at state level. With litigation tactics of the parties, tort law, which has been traditionally state law, has been "federalized" and "Constitutionalized," i.e., many aspects of tort law and litigation are impacted by federal statutes and the U.S. Constitution, but such impacts are fragmented and not consistent yet. Parallel trend is found in contract law and civil procedure in general, and the courts itself are "closing" doors of civil justice system under stark division of images of civil litigation. Empirical studies of law has had limited influence on actual legal practice.
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