| Budget Amount *help |
¥3,120,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥720,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
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| Research Abstract |
This research has focused on the effectiveness of the leniency programs. Even though the leniency program is actively supported by enforcement agencies as the best tool to enforce competition law against cartels, there are several elements that the enforcement agencies need to take into consideration. Firms may not be deterred by the existence of a leniency program. In other words, even with a leniency program, cartel will be formed. Leniency programs tend to be used to punish one of the cartel members, unless the cartel has been exposed abroad. Despite these concerns, a leniency program may facilitate obtaining evidence of the illegal cartel activity for the enforcement agencies.
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