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Diversity of defensive mechanisms using sequestered prey toxins in snakes: From passive oozing to spontaneous spraying

Research Project

Project/Area Number 23K21333
Project/Area Number (Other) 21H02551 (2021-2023)
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund (2024)
Single-year Grants (2021-2023)
Section一般
Review Section Basic Section 45030:Biodiversity and systematics-related
Research InstitutionKyoto University

Principal Investigator

Mori Akira  京都大学, 理学研究科, 教授 (80271005)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) 江頭 幸士郎  北九州市立自然史・歴史博物館, 自然史課, 学芸員 (10738826)
森 直樹  京都大学, 農学研究科, 教授 (30293913)
竹内 寛彦  日本大学, 生物資源科学部, 准教授 (40726444)
城野 哲平  京都大学, 理学研究科, 准教授 (70711951)
土岐田 昌和  東邦大学, 理学部, 准教授 (80422921)
Project Period (FY) 2024-04-01 – 2025-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2024)
Budget Amount *help
¥17,160,000 (Direct Cost: ¥13,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,960,000)
Fiscal Year 2024: ¥4,160,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥960,000)
Fiscal Year 2023: ¥3,640,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥840,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥4,160,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥960,000)
Fiscal Year 2021: ¥5,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,200,000)
Keywords防御機構 / 毒 / 進化 / 爬虫類 / 頸腺
Outline of Research at the Start

アジア産の一部のヘビ類はヒキガエルやホタルなどの餌動物から取り込んだ毒物質を頸腺という特殊な器官に貯蔵し、自らの防御に再利用する。頸腺の形態は多様で、十数対の小粒状の構造物として並ぶものから、一対の細長い形状として存在するもの、さらには、頸部だけでなく胴体全体の背面にわたって100対以上が並ぶものまである。このような多様化は、貯蔵されている毒物質を、捕食者からのどのような攻撃に対してどのように利用するかということと関連して進化してきたと推測される。本研究では、餌毒を防御に積極的に再利用するメカニズムの多様化と関連した特性を、機能形態学的、行動学的、化学的、発生学的視点から解明する。

Outline of Final Research Achievements

Snakes of the genus Rhabdophis sequester toxins from toads or fireflies consumed as prey and store them in the nucho-dorsal glands, which are embedded under the skin of the neck or body region, for the defensive use. Approximately 20 species of Rhabdophis possess this organ, and we discovered that its external shape and structure are more diversified than previously known. Our experiments suggest that this morphological diversity is associated with the efficient defensive deployment against different types of predators. Our new molecular phylogenetic tree indicates that this defensive system has independently evolved twice in the ancestors of Rhabdophis.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

餌が持つ毒を自分自身の防御に再利用する動物は昆虫をはじめとする多くの分類群で知られている。ヤマカガシ属のヘビは餌毒を蓄積するためだけの専用の特殊な器官を持っているという点で、極めて珍しい動物である。この器官を用いた防御は、形態的、行動的、生理的形質が統合された効果的なシステムとして働いているが、関連する諸形質はお互いに連動しながら多様な様相を示している。本研究は、ユニークな防御システムでありながらも高度な多様性を示すという、動物界でも稀な現象の進化メカニズムを探究した。

Report

(5 results)
  • 2024 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2023 Annual Research Report
  • 2022 Annual Research Report
  • 2021 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (50 results)

All 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (13 results) Journal Article (7 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 6 results,  Peer Reviewed: 7 results,  Open Access: 7 results) Presentation (30 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 9 results,  Invited: 2 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] 成都生物研究所/楽山師範大学(中国)

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ボゴール動物学博物館(インドネシア)

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] スリ・ジャヤワルデネプラ大学(スリランカ)

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ユタ州立大学(米国)

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ボゴール動物学博物館(インドネシア)

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ユタ州立大学(米国)

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] スリ・ジャヤワルデネプラ大学(スリランカ)

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] 成都生物研究所/四川農業大学(中国)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ボゴール動物学博物館(インドネシア)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ユタ州立大学(米国)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] 成都生物研究所/楽山師範大学(中国)

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ボゴール動物学博物館(インドネシア)

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ユタ州立大学(米国)

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] A comparative study of prey-handling behavior of the Chiwen keelback snake Rhabdophis chiwen feeding on earthworms and firefly larvae2025

    • Author(s)
      Fukuda Masaya、Chen Qin、Cao Chengquan、Mori Akira
    • Journal Title

      Current Zoology

      Volume: 未定 Issue: 5 Pages: 573-580

    • DOI

      10.1093/cz/zoaf001

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] An Investigation of Chemical Prey Discrimination by <i>Rhabdophis subminiatus</i> Hints the Source of Nuchal Gland Toxins2024

    • Author(s)
      Anita Syahfitri、Hamidy Amir、Mulyadi、Mori Akira
    • Journal Title

      Current Herpetology

      Volume: 43 Issue: 1 Pages: 22-30

    • DOI

      10.5358/hsj.43.22

    • ISSN
      1345-5834, 1881-1019
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Intrinsic Factors Associated with Dietary Toxin Quantity and Concentration in the Nuchal Glands of a Natricine Snake Rhabdophis Tigrinus2023

    • Author(s)
      Inoue Takato、Mori Akira、Yoshinaga Naoko、Mori Naoki
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Chemical Ecology 133

      Volume: 49 Issue: 3-4 Pages: 133-141

    • DOI

      10.1007/s10886-023-01415-4

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of the Rhabdophis nuchalis group (Squamata: Colubridae)2022

    • Author(s)
      Zhu Guangxiang、Yang Shijun、Savitzky Alan H.、Cheng Yuqi、Mori Akira、Ding Li、Rao Dingqi、Wang Qin
    • Journal Title

      Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

      Volume: 166 Pages: 107325-107325

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107325

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Effects of body size and condition on antipredator behavior related to nuchal glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus2022

    • Author(s)
      Anita, S. and Hamidy, A., Mulyadi, and Mori, A.
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Herpetology

      Volume: 56 Pages: 454-460

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Do predators prefer toxic animals? A case of chemical discrimination by an Asian snake that sequesters firefly toxins2022

    • Author(s)
      Fukuda Masaya、Ujiie Rinako、Inoue Takato、Chen Qin、Cao Chengquan、Ding Li、Mori Naoki、Mori Akira
    • Journal Title

      Current Zoology

      Volume: 未定 Issue: 6 Pages: 1-8

    • DOI

      10.1093/cz/zoab102

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] New Insights Into Dietary Toxin Metabolism: Diversity in the Ability of the Natricine Snake Rhabdophis tigrinus to Convert Toad-Derived Bufadienolides2021

    • Author(s)
      Inoue Takato、Nakata Ryu、Savitzky Alan H.、Yoshinaga Naoko、Mori Akira、Mori Naoki
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Chemical Ecology

      Volume: 47 Issue: 10-11 Pages: 915-925

    • DOI

      10.1007/s10886-021-01287-6

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] チフンヤマカガシが持つ防御用の毒は卵に受け渡されるのか2025

    • Author(s)
      森川晏吾・井上貴斗・Chen Qin・森直樹・森哲
    • Organizer
      第72回日本生態学会大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Exploring the evolutionary background of the use of Lampyrine firefly toxin by the genus Rhabdophis2024

    • Author(s)
      Morikawa A, Inoue T, Mori N, Mori A.
    • Organizer
      Snake Ecology Group Ⅶ
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Exploring the evolutionary background of the use of Lampyrine firefly toxin by the genus Rhabdophis2024

    • Author(s)
      Morikawa A, Inoue T, Mori N, Mori A.
    • Organizer
      Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Are there any chemical restrictions on the compounds that Rhabdophis tigrinus can use?2024

    • Author(s)
      Morikawa A.
    • Organizer
      10th World Congress of Herpetology
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシが再利用する化合物に化学的な制約はあるのか2024

    • Author(s)
      森川晏吾・井上貴斗・内藤正成・森直樹・森哲
    • Organizer
      日本爬虫両棲類学会第63回大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Snakes armed with firefly toxins2024

    • Author(s)
      Akira Mori
    • Organizer
      Snake Ecology Group Ⅶ
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Evolutionary diversification of nuchal glands, unusual defensive organs of Asian natricine snakes2024

    • Author(s)
      Akira Mori
    • Organizer
      10th World Congress of Herpetology
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Dramatic dietary shift maintains sequestered toxins in chemically defended snakes2024

    • Author(s)
      Takato Inoue
    • Organizer
      The 26th Annual Meeting of Society for Evolutionary Studies, Japan
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシの子へのエサ由来毒素供給におけるトレードオフ2024

    • Author(s)
      井上貴斗、森 哲、堀中真野、酒井敏行、森 直樹
    • Organizer
      日本爬虫両棲類学会第63回大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 母ヘビの毒による化学的ケア:ヤマカガシが行う子への bufadienolide 供給における成分動態とトレードオフ2024

    • Author(s)
      井上貴斗、井上綾、福田将矢、堀中真野、吉永直子、酒井敏行、森哲、森直樹
    • Organizer
      第70回トキシンシンポジウム
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシ属5種の頸腺にみられる形態的多様性の機能的意義の評価2024

    • Author(s)
      城野哲平・シャフトリ=アニータ・デュラン=ジャヤセカラ・アンスレム=デ=シルバ・森哲
    • Organizer
      日本爬虫両棲類学会第63回大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The novel type of nuchal glands in Rhabdophis from Sulawesi2024

    • Author(s)
      Syahfitri ANITA, Takato INOUE, Aya INOUE, Koshiro ETO, Amir HAMIDY, Naoki MORI, Akira MORI
    • Organizer
      10th World Congress of Herpetology
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシ・ヒキガエルにおける遺伝的境界と防御用毒組成の関係2024

    • Author(s)
      内藤正成、井上貴斗、森哲、森直樹
    • Organizer
      農芸化学会2024年度大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシ毒ヘビの毒組成におけるヒキガエルの影響とヘビ自身の変換能力による影響の比較2024

    • Author(s)
      井上綾、井上貴斗、森哲、森直樹
    • Organizer
      農芸化学会2024年度大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 母ヤマカガシ (Rhabdophis tigrinus) の毒による子孫への化学的ケア:餌由来毒素の供給におけるトレードオフ2024

    • Author(s)
      井上貴斗、森哲、堀中真野 、吉永直子、酒井敏行、森直樹
    • Organizer
      農芸化学会2024年度大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシ属によるホタル青利用の進化的背景の探究2024

    • Author(s)
      森川晏吾
    • Organizer
      第71回日本生態学会大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシ属ヘビの保有するエサ由来強心性ステロイド毒 (Bufadienolides) 組成の種間差2023

    • Author(s)
      井上綾、井上貴斗、森哲、森直樹
    • Organizer
      2023 年度日本農芸化学会 中部・関西支部合同大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Nuchal gland system of Asian natricine snakes and its diversity2023

    • Author(s)
      Akira Mori
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on diverse mechanisms of adaptation to natural toxins
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Intrinsic factors associated with dietary toxin quantity and concentration in the nuchal glands of a natricine snake Rhabdophis tigrinus2022

    • Author(s)
      Takato Inoue, Akira Mori, Naoko Yoshinaga, Naoki Mori
    • Organizer
      The ISCE-APACE 3rd Joint Meeting
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシ (Rhabdophis tigrinus) におけるヒキガエル由来毒性ステロイド bufadienolide 変換能力の多様性2022

    • Author(s)
      井上貴斗、中田隆、Alan H. Savitzky、吉永直子、森哲、森直樹
    • Organizer
      日本爬虫両生類学会第 61 回大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシ属ヘビの保有する強心性ステロイド毒 (Bufadienolides) 組成の種間差2022

    • Author(s)
      井上綾、井上貴斗、森哲、森直樹
    • Organizer
      日本爬虫両生類学会第 61 回大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシ (Rhabdophis tigrinus) の餌由来毒素の量と濃度に関連する内在的要因について2022

    • Author(s)
      井上貴斗、森哲、吉永直子、森直樹
    • Organizer
      日本農芸化学会 2023 年度大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシ属ヘビが保有する強心性ステロイドの種関差2022

    • Author(s)
      井上 綾、井上 貴斗、吉永 直子、森 哲、森 直樹
    • Organizer
      日本農芸化学会 2023 年度大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 毒源が変われば形態も変わる?ー食性の異なるヤマカガシ属における頭部形態の変化2022

    • Author(s)
      福田将矢、Jing-Song Shi、Alan H. Savitzky、Qin Chen、森哲
    • Organizer
      第69回日本生態学会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシにおけるヒキガエル由来毒素変換能力の多様性2021

    • Author(s)
      井上貴斗、中田隆、Alan H. Savitzky、吉永直子、森哲、森直樹
    • Organizer
      2021年度日本農芸化学会 西日本・中四国・関西支部合同大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシにおけるエサ由来毒素変換能力の多様性2021

    • Author(s)
      井上貴斗、吉永直子、森哲、森直樹
    • Organizer
      日本農芸化学会 2022 年度大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシ属ヘビが保有する強心ステロイドの種間差異2021

    • Author(s)
      井上綾、井上貴斗、吉永直子、森哲、森直樹
    • Organizer
      日本農芸化学会 2022 年度大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシにおける「毒源生物」の化学認知に関する研究2021

    • Author(s)
      福田将矢、井上貴斗、森直樹、森哲
    • Organizer
      第40回日本動物行動学会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヤマカガシにおける「毒源生物」の化学認知に関する研究2021

    • Author(s)
      福田将矢、井上貴斗、森直樹、森哲
    • Organizer
      日本爬虫両棲類学会第60回大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] How predators recognize toxic animals as a toxin source: A case of chemical discrimination by an Asian snake that sequesters firefly toxins2021

    • Author(s)
      Masaya Fukuda, Qin Chen, Akira Mori
    • Organizer
      International Conference on Herpetological Biodiversity and Conservation in Eurasian Countries
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research

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Published: 2021-04-28   Modified: 2026-01-16  

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