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High extinction optics with double wavefront sensing and control for direct detection of Earth-like exoplanets

Research Project

Project/Area Number 24360029
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

Allocation TypePartial Multi-year Fund
Section一般
Research Field Applied optics/Quantum optical engineering
Research InstitutionNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Principal Investigator

NISHIKAWA Jun  国立天文台, 光赤外研究部, 助教 (70280568)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) KUROKAWA Takashi  東京農工大学, 工学研究院, 名誉教授 (40302913)
Co-Investigator(Renkei-kenkyūsha) MURAKAMI Naoshi  北海道大学, 工学研究科, 助教 (80450188)
TAMURA Motohide  東京大学, 理学系研究科, 教授 (00260018)
Project Period (FY) 2012-04-01 – 2015-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2014)
Budget Amount *help
¥19,110,000 (Direct Cost: ¥14,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥4,410,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥3,120,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥720,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥7,540,000 (Direct Cost: ¥5,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,740,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥8,450,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,950,000)
Keywords応用光学・量子光工学 / 超精密計測 / 波面センシング / 補償光学 / ナル干渉計 / 惑星探査 / 系外惑星 / 光学赤外線天文学 / ナリング干渉計
Outline of Final Research Achievements

This study aimed at development of high-precision wavefront measurement and control method in the high-contrast optics for direct observations of exoplanets, which consisted of the telescope, the deformable mirror 1, the pre-coronagraph, the deformable mirror 2, the main coronagraph, and the final focal-plane detector. When the mask of the main coronagraph is ejected, the wavefront aberrations of the telescope and the pre-coronagraph can be compensated using the deformable mirror1, and when the mask is inserted, the aberrations of the main coronagraph can be corrected using the deformable mirrors by the dark-hole control with the focal plane detector. The contrast will be improved along the two steps by the architecture suitable for a space telescope with a small number of detectors. We also developed the speckle area nulling (SAN) method which can extinguish wide area quickly without optical model.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2014 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2013 Annual Research Report
  • 2012 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (42 results)

All 2015 2014 2013 2012

All Journal Article (13 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 13 results,  Open Access: 1 results) Presentation (29 results) (of which Invited: 2 results)

  • [Journal Article] A coronagraph system with unbalanced nulling interferometer : progress of optics and control method2014

    • Author(s)
      Nishikawa, Jun, Oya, Masahito, Horie, Masaaki, Sato, Kazuma, Fukase, Masao, Murakami, Naoshi, Kotani, Takayuki, Kumagai, Shiomi, Tamura, Motohide, Tanaka, Yosuke, Kurokawa, Takashi
    • Journal Title

      Proceedings of the SPIE

      Volume: 9143 Pages: 91433A-91433A

    • DOI

      10.1117/12.2055636

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Adaptive optics operation with focal wavefront sensor in a coronagraph for direct observation of exoplanets2014

    • Author(s)
      Oya, Masahito, Nishikawa, Jun, Horie, Masaaki, Sato, Kazuma, Fukase, Masao, Murakami, Naoshi, Kotani, Takayuki, Kumagai, Shiomi, Tamura, Motohide, Tanaka, Yosuke, Kurokawa, Takashi
    • Journal Title

      Proceedings of the SPIE

      Volume: 9143 Pages: 91433B-91433B

    • DOI

      10.1117/12.2055670

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Recent progress on phase-mask coronagraphy based on photonic-crystal technology2014

    • Author(s)
      Murakami, Naoshi, Nishikawa, Jun, Tamura, Motohide, Serabyn, Eugene, Traub, Wesley A., Liewer, Kurt M., Moody, Dwight C., Trauger, John T., Guyon, Olivier, Martinache, Frantz, and 8 coauthors
    • Journal Title

      Proceedings of the SPIE

      Volume: 9143 Pages: 914334-914334

    • DOI

      10.1117/12.2054790

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Recovery of the Candidate Protoplanet HD 100546 b with Gemini/NICI and Detection of Additional (Planet-induced?) Disk Structure at Small Separations2014

    • Author(s)
      Currie, Thayne; Muto, Takayuki; Kudo, Tomoyuki; Honda, Mitsuhiko; Brandt, Timothy D.; Grady, Carol; Fukagawa, Misato; Burrows, Adam; Janson, Markus; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; McElwain, Michael W.; Follette, Katherine; Hashimoto, Jun; Henning, Thomas; Kandori, Ryo; Kusakabe, Nobuhiko; Kwon, Jungmi;...; Tamura, Motohide
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal Letters

      Volume: 796 Issue: 2 Pages: L30-L30

    • DOI

      10.1088/2041-8205/796/2/l30

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Central-Obscuration Removal Plates for Focal-Plane Phase-Mask Coronagraphs with a Centrally-Obscured Telescope2014

    • Author(s)
      Oshiyama, F., Murakami, N., Guyon, O., Martinache, F., Baba, N., Matsuo, T., Nishikawa, J., Tamura, M.
    • Journal Title

      Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

      Volume: 126 Issue: 937 Pages: 270-279

    • DOI

      10.1086/675807

    • NAID

      120005553688

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Unbalanced nulling interferometer and precise wavefront control2013

    • Author(s)
      J. Nishikawa and N. Murakami
    • Journal Title

      Optical Review (Invited Review Paper)

      Volume: 20 Issue: 6 Pages: 453-462

    • DOI

      10.1007/s10043-013-0078-2

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Direct Imaging of a Cold Jovian Exoplanet in Orbit around the Sun-Like Star GJ 5042013

    • Author(s)
      M. Kuzuhara, M. Tamura, T. Kudo, M. Janson, R. Kandori, T. D. Brandt, C. Thalmann, D. Spiegel, B. Biller, J. Carson, Y. Hori, R. Suzuki, A. Burrows, T. Henning, E. L. Turner, M. W. McElwain, A. Moro-Martin, T. Suenaga, Y. H. Takahashi, et al.
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 774 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-28

    • DOI

      10.1088/0004-637x/774/1/11

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Direct Imaging Search for Extrasolar Planets in the Pleiades2013

    • Author(s)
      Yamamoto, K., Matsuo, T., Shibai, H., et al. (No. 34 of 56 authors)
    • Journal Title

      Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

      Volume: 65 Issue: 4 Pages: 90-90

    • DOI

      10.1093/pasj/65.4.90

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A coronagraph system with unbalanced nulling interferometer : progress of dynamic range2012

    • Author(s)
      Nishikawa, J., Yokochi, K., Murakami, N., Abe, L., Kotani, T., Tamura, M., Kurokawa, T., Tavrov, A.V., Takeda, M., Murakami, H.
    • Journal Title

      Proc. of SPIE

      Volume: 8422 Pages: 84425D-84425D

    • DOI

      10.1117/12.925792

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Wavefront correction inside unbalanced nulling interferometer2012

    • Author(s)
      Horie, M., Nishikawa, J., Oya, M., Waki, R., Kumagai, S., Tamura, M., Kurokawa, T., Murakami, N., Murakami, H., Abe, L.
    • Journal Title

      Proc. of SPIE

      Volume: 8445 Pages: 84452E-84452E

    • DOI

      10.1117/12.926737

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Wavefront correction inside unbalanced nulling interferometer2012

    • Author(s)
      Kobayashi, T., Nishikawa, J., Tanaka, Y., Kurokawa, T., Kashiwagi, K., Tamura, M., Murakami, N., Baba, N., Hashimoto, N.
    • Journal Title

      Proc. of SPIE

      Volume: 8445 Pages: 84213D-84213D-4

    • DOI

      10.1117/12.975179

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Adaptive optics operation with two wavefront sensors in a coronagraph for exoplanet observations2012

    • Author(s)
      Oya, M., Nishikawa, J., Horie, M., Murakami, N., Kotani, T., Abe, L., Kumagai, S., Tamura, M., Kurokawa, T., Murakami, H.
    • Journal Title

      Proc. ofSPIE

      Volume: 8442 Pages: 844255-844255

    • DOI

      10.1117/12.925858

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Coronagraph focal-plane phase masks based on photonic crystal technology: recent progress and observational strategy2012

    • Author(s)
      N. Murakami et al.
    • Journal Title

      Proc. SPIE

      Volume: 8442 Pages: 844205-844205

    • DOI

      10.1117/12.925613

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] 超高コントラスト系外惑星直接撮像のための非対称ナル干渉法とダークホール制御2015

    • Author(s)
      西川淳, 大矢正人,堀江正明,佐藤克磨,深瀬雅央,村上尚史,小谷隆行,熊谷紫麻見,田村元秀,田中洋介,黒川隆志
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2015年春季年会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪大学豊中キャンパス(大阪府豊中市)
    • Year and Date
      2015-03-18 – 2015-03-21
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星直接観測のためのSpeckle Area Nulling を用いたダークホール制御2015

    • Author(s)
      大矢正人,西川淳,堀江正明,佐藤克磨,深瀬雅央,村上尚史,小谷隆行,熊谷紫麻見,田村元秀,田中洋介,黒川隆志
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2015年春季年会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪大学豊中キャンパス(大阪府豊中市)
    • Year and Date
      2015-03-18 – 2015-03-21
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 瞳再配置型位相マスクコロナグラフの提案2015

    • Author(s)
      村上尚史, 赤岩夏海, 馬場直志, 西川淳, 田村元秀
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2015年春季年会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪大学豊中キャンパス(大阪府豊中市)
    • Year and Date
      2015-03-18 – 2015-03-21
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] WFIRST/AFTA Coronagraph(WACO)2015

    • Author(s)
      田村元秀,村上尚史,馬場直志,西川淳,小谷隆行,成田憲保,塩谷圭吾,
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2015年春季年会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪大学豊中キャンパス(大阪府豊中市)
    • Year and Date
      2015-03-18 – 2015-03-21
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星直接観測のための高コントラスト撮像光学系2015

    • Author(s)
      西川 淳
    • Organizer
      第62回応用物理学会春季学術講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      東海大学湘南キャンパス(神奈川県平塚市)
    • Year and Date
      2015-03-11 – 2015-03-14
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星直接観測のためのダークホールアルゴリズムによる補償光学制御2014

    • Author(s)
      大矢正人,西川淳,堀江正明,佐藤克磨,深瀬雅央,村上尚史,小谷隆行,熊谷紫麻見,田村元秀,田中洋介,黒川隆志
    • Organizer
      Optics & Photonics Japan 2014
    • Place of Presentation
      筑波大学東京キャンパス文京校舎(東京都文京区)
    • Year and Date
      2014-11-05 – 2014-11-07
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Dark-hole control without modeling and enhanced extinction by pre-DM and pre-coronagraph2014

    • Author(s)
      J. Nishikawa, N. Murakami, M. Oya, K. Sato, M. Horie, T. Kurokawa, Y. Tanaka, M. Tamura, T. Kotani, S. Kumagai
    • Organizer
      Wide-field InfraRed Surveys: Science and Techniques
    • Place of Presentation
      Pasadena Hilton, (Pasadena, USA)
    • Year and Date
      2014-10-17 – 2014-10-20
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 高コントラスト撮像光学系における焦点面波面センシングによるスペックルノイズ低減2014

    • Author(s)
      佐藤克磨,西川 淳,大矢正人, 堀江正明, 田中洋介,熊谷 紫麻見,黒川隆志,村上尚史
    • Organizer
      第61回応用物理学会春季学術講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      青山学院大学、神奈川県相模原市
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星直接観測のための焦点面波面センシングを用いた補償光学制御法(2)2014

    • Author(s)
      大矢正人,西川淳,堀江正明,佐藤克磨,深瀬雅央,村上尚史,小谷隆行,熊谷紫麻見,田村元秀,田中洋介,黒川隆志
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2014年春季年会
    • Place of Presentation
      国際基督教大学、東京都三鷹市
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] フォトニック結晶技術による焦点面マスクコロナグラフの開発状況2014

    • Author(s)
      村上尚史, 西川淳, 田村元秀, Eugene Serabyn, Wesley A. Traub, Kurt M. Liewer, Dwight C. Moody, John T. Trauger, 押山史佳, 庄子隼斗, 坂本盛嗣, 岡和彦, 馬場直志
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2014年春季年会
    • Place of Presentation
      国際基督教大学、東京都三鷹市
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] すばる望遠鏡搭載に向けた8 分割位相マスクコロナグラフの開発(III)2014

    • Author(s)
      押山史佳, 村上尚史, 平翼, 馬場直志, Olivier Guyon, Nemanja Jovanovic, Garima Singh, Frantz Martinache, 西川淳, 田村元秀, 松尾太郎
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2014年春季年会
    • Place of Presentation
      国際基督教大学、東京都三鷹市
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星の直接撮像を目指した高コントラスト極限補償光学2014

    • Author(s)
      村上尚史,西川淳,田村元秀,押山史佳,Eugene Serabyn,Wesley A. Traub,Kurt M. Liewer,Dwight C. Moody,John T. Trauger,庄子隼斗,坂本盛嗣,岡和彦,馬場直志
    • Organizer
      若手研究者による分野間連携研究プロジェクトシンポジウム すばる望遠鏡から顕微鏡へ:高解像・高感度観察を可能にする次世代補償光学系に向けて
    • Place of Presentation
      国立天文台、東京都三鷹市
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 高コントラスト撮像光学系による焦点面波面センシングによるスペックルノイズ低減2013

    • Author(s)
      佐藤克磨, 西川淳, 大矢正人, 堀江正明, 田中洋介, 熊谷紫麻見, 黒川隆志
    • Organizer
      第60回応用物理学会春季学術講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      神奈川工業大学(神奈川県)
    • Year and Date
      2013-03-27
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星直接観測のための高コントラスト干渉光学系2013

    • Author(s)
      西川淳
    • Organizer
      電子情報通信学会総合大会
    • Place of Presentation
      岐阜大学(岐阜県)(依頼講演)
    • Year and Date
      2013-03-22
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星直接観測のための焦点面波面センシングを併用したコロナグラフの開発2013

    • Author(s)
      大矢正人, 堀江正明, 西川淳, 田村元秀, 藤井紫麻見, 村上尚史, 黒川隆志, 小谷隆行, 中川貴雄
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2013年春季年会
    • Place of Presentation
      埼玉大学(埼玉県)
    • Year and Date
      2013-03-20
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] A coronagraph system with unbalanced nulling interferometer : upgrade of 20132013

    • Author(s)
      J. Nishikawa, M. Ohya, M. Horie, K. Sato, M. Fukase, N. Murakami, T. Kotani, M. Tamura, Y. Tanaka, T. Kurokawa, S. Kumagai
    • Organizer
      The 5th Subaru International Conference “Exoplanets and Disks: Their Formation and Diversity II”
    • Place of Presentation
      Sheraton Kona Resort & Spa at Keauhou Bay, Kona, Hawaii, USA
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Adaptive optics operation with a focal plane wavefront sensing in a coronagraph2013

    • Author(s)
      M. Oya, J. Nishikawa, M. Horie, K. Sato, M. Fukase, N. Murakami, T. Kotani, M. Tamura, Y. Tanaka, T. Kurokawa, S. Kumagai
    • Organizer
      The 5th Subaru International Conference “Exoplanets and Disks: Their Formation and Diversity II”
    • Place of Presentation
      Sheraton Kona Resort & Spa at Keauhou Bay, Kona, Hawaii, USA
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Speckle noise reduction by focal plane wave-front sensing in high contrast imaging optics2013

    • Author(s)
      K. Sato, J. Nishikawa, M. Ohya, M. Horie, Y. Tanaka, S. Kumagai, T. Kurokawa, N.Murakami
    • Organizer
      18th Microoptics Conference (MOC '13)
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星直接撮像のための高コントラスト光学系の研究・初段補償光学による干渉計内部の波面補正2013

    • Author(s)
      堀江正明, 大矢正人, 西川淳, 田村元秀, 藤井紫麻見, 村上尚史, 黒川隆志
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2013年秋季年会
    • Place of Presentation
      東北大学、宮城県仙台市
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星直接観測のための焦点面波面センシングを用いたダークゾーンコロナグラフ2013

    • Author(s)
      大矢正人,西川淳,堀江正明,佐藤克磨,深瀬雅央,村上尚史,小谷隆行,熊谷紫麻見,田村元秀,田中洋介,黒川隆志
    • Organizer
      日本光学会年次学術講演会 Optics & Photonics Japan 2013
    • Place of Presentation
      奈良公会堂、奈良県奈良市
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星直接撮像のための高コントラスト光学系の研究:初段補償光学による干渉計内部の波面補正2013

    • Author(s)
      堀江正明, 大矢正人, 西川淳, 田村元秀, 藤井紫麻見, 村上尚史, 黒川隆志
    • Organizer
      応用物理学会第52回光波センシング技術研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京理科大学、東京都新宿区
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] すばる望遠鏡搭載に向けた8 分割位相マスクコロナグラフの開発(II)2013

    • Author(s)
      押山史佳, 村上尚史, 平翼, 馬場直志, Olivier Guyon,Frantz Martinache, Nemanja Jovanovic, Garima Singh, 西川淳, 田村元秀, 松尾太郎
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2013年秋季年会
    • Place of Presentation
      東北大学、宮城県仙台市
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 系外惑星直接観測のための焦点面波面センシングを用いた2波面センサー法2012

    • Author(s)
      大矢正人, 堀江正明, 西川淳, 田村元秀, 村上尚史, 小谷隆行, Lyu Abe, 熊谷紫麻見, 黒川隆志, 村上浩
    • Organizer
      応用物理学会第50回光波センシング技術研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京理科大学(東京都)
    • Year and Date
      2012-12-05
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Unbalanced nulling interferometer with four-quadrant phase mask2012

    • Author(s)
      Kobayashi, T., Nishikawa, J., Tanaka, Y., Kurokawa, T., Kashiwagi, K., Tamura, M., Murakami, N., Baba, N., Hashimoto, N.
    • Organizer
      OFS2012 22nd International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors
    • Place of Presentation
      Beijin (China)
    • Year and Date
      2012-10-14
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 4分割位相マスクによる非対称ナル干渉計を用いた高ダイナミックレンジ光学系2012

    • Author(s)
      小林拓自, 西川淳, 田中洋介, 黒川隆志, 柏木謙, 田村元秀, 村上尚志, 馬場直志, 橋本信幸
    • Organizer
      応用物理学会第49回光波センシング技術研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京理科大学(東京都)
    • Year and Date
      2012-06-05
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] A coronagraph system with unbalanced nulling interferometer : progress of dynamic range2012

    • Author(s)
      Nishikawa, J., Yokochi, K., Murakami, N., Abe, L., Kotani, T., Tamura, M., Kurokawa, T., Tavrov, A.V., Takeda, M., Murakami, H.
    • Organizer
      SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012
    • Place of Presentation
      Amsterdam (Netherlands)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Wavefront correction inside unbalanced nulling interferometer2012

    • Author(s)
      Horie, M., Nishikawa, J., Oya, M., Waki, R., Kumagai, S., Tamura, M., Kurokawa, T., Murakami, N., Murakami, H., Abe, L.
    • Organizer
      SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012
    • Place of Presentation
      Amsterdam (Netherlands)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Adaptive optics operation with two wavefront sensors in a coronagraph for exoplanet observations2012

    • Author(s)
      Oya, M., Nishikawa, J., Horie, M., Murakami, N., Kotani, T., Abe, L., Kumagai, S., Tamura, M., Kurokawa, T., Murakami, H.
    • Organizer
      SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012
    • Place of Presentation
      Amsterdam (Netherlands)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Coronagraph focal-plane phase masks based on photonic crystal technology : recent progress and observational strategy2012

    • Author(s)
      N. Murakami, J. Nishikawa, W. A. Traub, D. Mawet, D. C. Moody, B. D. Kern, J. T. Trauger, E. Serabyn, S. Hamaguchi, E Oshiyama, M. Sakamoto, A. Ise, K. Oka, N.Baba, H.Murakami, M.Tamura
    • Organizer
      SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012
    • Place of Presentation
      Amsterdam (Netherlands)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2012-04-24   Modified: 2019-07-29  

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