| Budget Amount *help |
¥5,330,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,230,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥2,210,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥510,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
There are long time lags between smoking initiation and smoking-attributed mortality, and smoking habits complexly differ across birth cohorts. These make the impacts of smoking on mortality unclear. Long-term changes in smoking initiation and smoking prevalence are shown focusing on birth cohorts, and contrasted to the changes in lung cancer mortality in later ages in Japan and Great Britain. We discussed statistical issues and approaches when time lags between the start of the exposure and death are very long. Lung cancer mortality in Japanese male cohorts was relatively low given the high prevalence of smoking, and early initiation was uncommon in these cohorts. However, early initiation of smoking has become more common in both sexes. The risks in the distant future should not be underestimated.
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