| Budget Amount *help |
¥2,990,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥690,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥390,000 (Direct Cost: ¥300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥90,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
In modern Japan, the middle class office workers embodied their masculinity more misogynous than the highly skilled industrial experts’ masculinity. The male office workers were so threatened by the competition with female co-workers for the jobs, that they needed to reinforce their homosociality to defeat female.
Especially, misogyny was emphasized in the national socialist movement from the end of Taisho era. Many male socialist who had encouraged female activists was influenced by the nationalism and misogyny. They put the clock back and eliminated female activists. Such misogynous nationalism was also seen among youth movement including Youth-League of modern Germany or modern Italy. Although such Youth-Leagues were often blamed for their homo-erotic atmosphere, Japanese misogynous nationalists took more uncertain attitude toward homosexuality. So it is hard to find homophobia clearly in the Japanese discourses on homosociality.
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