| Budget Amount *help |
¥5,460,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,260,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥2,080,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥480,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
I have examined Arabic, Greek, and Latin parchments in detail, and have found that "muls" and "hursh" were not a pair of Arabic terms to indicate two classes of villeins as previous scholars had thought. These Arabic words should not be translated into "smooth men" and "rough men" in English as some scholars have done. "Muls" is a word to indicate those not written in previous documents or lists, and reflects the reality of the royal administration of land and villeins. It is not related at all to the two classes of villeins.
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