| Budget Amount *help |
¥5,460,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,260,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥2,730,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥630,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
Among the Polistes wasps occurring in the East Asian temperate areas, the subgenus Polistes s. str. is assumed to have originated in the Palearctic and its ancestral species may have adapted to the temperate climate, where wasps have to overwinter. The subgenus Gyrostoma may have originated in Asian tropics and only a few species, such as P. rothneyi, may have adapted to the temperate climate in their northward dispersal. In the subgenus Polistella, two species-groups are recognized: one includes P. japonicas and the other includes P. snelleni; the former is assumed to have originated in Asian tropics and some species have adapted to the temperate climate in their northward dispersal; the latter may have originated in the northern parts of Indochina, where they have “winter”, and the ancestral species had adapted to the temperate climate. Parapolybia is also assumed to have originated in the northern parts of Indochina and adapted to the temperate climate in the ancestral species.
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