| Budget Amount *help |
¥3,380,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥780,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
After the Second Opium War, there was a principal reform in the Qing Dynasty: the start of “rule from behind the curtains” (Tuilian Tingzheng 垂簾聴政). When Emperor Tongzhi 同治帝 became emperor, when he was six years old. In this political structure, Empress Dowagers Cian 慈安 and Cixi 慈禧 decided policies. In this study I explore the process of policy making at the heart of the Qing dynasty in the second half of the 19th century, and the system and its characteristics of “rule from behind the curtains.” I reconstructed the processes of policy making, by using diaries and letters of the officers, official documents, and analyzing the rights of Empress Dowager Cixi under “rule from behind the curtains” and that of her under direct rule by Emperor Guangxu 光緒帝.
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