Studies of Supernovae by Large Surveys and Radiative Transfer Simulations

• Project/Area Number: 24740117
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)
• Allocation Type: Multi-year Fund
• Research Field: Astronomy
• Research Institution: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
• Principal Investigator: Tanaka Masaomi 国立天文台, 理論研究部, 助教 (70586429)
• Project Period (FY): 2012-04-01 – 2015-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2015)
• Budget Amount: ¥4,550,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,050,000); Fiscal Year 2015: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000); Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000); Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000); Fiscal Year 2012: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
• Keywords: 超新星爆発 / 輻射輸送 / 突発天体探査 / 光学赤外線天文学 / 理論天文学 / 宇宙物理学

Outline of Final Research Achievements

To study the properties of massive stars just before the supernova explosion, we have performed high-cadence optical transient surveys. With the Subaru telescope and a wide field camera (Hyper Suprime-Cam), we have discovered luminous, rapidly rising transients, and suggested that some massive stars experience intensive mass loss just before the explosion. We have also developed a multi-dimensional, time-dependent, wavelength-dependent radiative transfer simulation code to give the direct comparison between supernova models and observations.

Research Products

• [Journal Article] Discovery of Dramatic Optical Variability in SDSS J1100+4421: A Peculiar Radio-loud Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy? (2014)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M., Morokuma, T., Itoh, R., Akitaya, H., Tominaga, N., Saito, Y., Stawarz, L., Tanaka, Y. T., Gandhi, P., Ali, G., Aoki, T., Contreras, C., Doi, M., Essam, A., Hamed, G., Hsiao, E. Y., Iwata, I., Kawabata, K. S., Kawai, N., Kikuchi, Y. et al.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 793 Issue: 2 Pages: 26-31
  • DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/793/2/l26
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Kiso Supernova Survey (KISS): Survey strategy (2014)
  • Author(s): Morokuma, T., Tominaga, N., Tanaka, M., Mori, K., Matsumoto, E., Kikuchi, Y., Shibata, T., Sako, S., Aoki, T., Doi, M., Kobayashi, N., Maehara, H., Matsunaga, N., Mito, H., Miyata, T., Nakada, Y., Soyano, T., Tarusawa, K., Miyazaki, S., Nakata, F., et al.
  • Journal Title: Publication of the Astronomical Society of Japan Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 1-16
  • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psu105
  • NAID: 40020355740
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Optical and Near-infrared Polarimetry of Highly Reddened Type Ia Supernova 2014J: Peculiar Properties of Dust in M82 (2014)
  • Author(s): Kawabata, K. S., ..., Nomoto, K. (11番目) et al.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Letters Volume: 795 Issue: 1 Pages: L4-L4
  • DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/795/1/l4
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] The red supergiant and supernova rate problems: implications for core-collapse supernova physics (2014)
  • Author(s): Horiuchi, S, Nakamura, K, Takiwaki, T, Kotake, K, Tanaka, M
  • Journal Title: MNRAS Letters Volume: 445 Issue: 1 Pages: L99-L103
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/slu146
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] An upper limit to the energy of gamma-ray bursts indicates that GRB/SNe are powered by magnetars (2014)
  • Author(s): Mazzali, P. A., MacFadyen, A., Woosley, S., Pian, E., Tanaka, M.
  • Journal Title: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Volume: 443 Issue: 1 Pages: 67-71
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu1124
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Diversity of GRB energetics vs. SN homogeneity: supernova 2013cq associated with the gamma-ray burst 130427A (2014)
  • Author(s): Melandri, A., et al. (including Tanaka, M.)
  • Journal Title: Astronomy & Astrophysics Volume: 567 Pages: A29-A29
  • DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423572
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] RANDOM WALKS AND EFFECTIVE OPTICAL DEPTH IN R肌ATIVISTIC FLOW (2014)
  • Author(s): Sanshiro Shibata, Nozomu Tominaga, Masaomi Tanaka
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Letters Volume: 787 Issue: 1 Pages: L4-L4
  • DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/787/1/l4
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Radioactively Powered Emission from Black Hole-Neutron Star Mergers (2014)
  • Author(s): M. Tanaka, K. Hotokezaka, K. Kyutoku, S. Wanajo, K. Kiuchi, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata
  • Journal Title: Astrophysics Journal Volume: 780 Issue: 1 Pages: 31-40
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/780/1/31
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Early-phase Photometry and Spectroscopy of Transitional Type Ia SN 2012ht : Direct Constraint on the Rise Time (2014)
  • Author(s): Yamanaka, M., Kawabata, K.~S., et al.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 782 Issue: 2 Pages: 35-35
  • DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/782/2/l35
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Radiative Transfer Simulations for Neutron Star Merger Ejecta (2013)
  • Author(s): M. Tanaka and K. Hotokezaka
  • Journal Title: Astrophysics Journal Volume: 775 Issue: 2 Pages: 113-129
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/775/2/113
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Detectability of high-redshift superluminous supernovae with upcoming optical and near-infrared surveys -II. Beyond z=6 (2013)
  • Author(s): M. Tanaka, T. J. Moriya, N. Yoshida
  • Journal Title: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Volume: 435 Issue: 3 Pages: 2483-2493
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stt1469
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Early Ultraviolet/Optical Emission of The Type Ib SN 2008D (2013)
  • Author(s): Bersten, M. C., Tanaka, M., Tominaga, N., Benvenuto, O. G., Nomoto, K.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 767 Issue: 2 Pages: 143-143
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/767/2/143
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] SN 2009js at the Crossroads between Normal and Subluminous Type II P Supernovae : Optical and Mid-infrared Evolution (2013)
  • Author(s): P. Gandhi, M. Yamanaka, M. Tanaka, T. Nozawa, K. S. Kawabata, I. Saviane, K. Maeda, T. J. Moriya, T. Hattori, M. Sasada, R. Itoh
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 767 Issue: 2 Pages: 166-166
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/767/2/166
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] The very energetic, broad-lined type Ic Supernova 2010ah (PTF10bzf) in the context of GRB/SNe (2013)
  • Author(s): Mazzali, P. A., Walker, E. S., Pian, E., Tanaka, M. , Corsi, A., Hattori, T., Gal-Yam, A.
  • Journal Title: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Volume: 432 Issue: 3 Pages: 2463-2473
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stt605
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] A Luminous and Fast-expanding Type Ib Supernova SN 2012au (2013)
  • Author(s): Takaki, K., Kawabata, K.~S., Uemura, M., Yoshida, M., et al.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 772 Issue: 2 Pages: L17-L17
  • DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/772/2/l17
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Progenitor models of the electromagnetic transient associated with the s hort GRB 130603B (2013)
  • Author(s): K. Hotokezaka, K. Kyutoku, M. Tanaka, K. Kiuchi, Y. Sekiguchi, M. Shibata, and S. Wanajo
  • Journal Title: Astrophysics Journal Volume: 778 Issue: 1 Pages: 16-21
  • DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/778/1/l16
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Light-curve modelling of superluminous supernova 2006gy: collision between supernova ejecta and a dense circumstellar medium (2013)
  • Author(s): T, J, Moriya, S, I, Blinnikov, N, Tominaga, N, Yoshida, M, Tanaka, K, Maeda, & K, Nomoto
  • Journal Title: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Volume: 428 Issue: 2 Pages: 1020-1035
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sts075
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Three-dimensional Explosion Geometry of Stripped-envelope Core-collapse Supernovae. I. Spectropolarimetric Observations (2012)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M., Kawabata, K. S., Hattori, T., Mazzali, P. A., Aoki, K., Iye, M., Maeda, K., Nomoto, K., Pian, E., Sasaki, T., and Yamanaka, M.
  • Journal Title: Astrophysical Journal Volume: 754 Issue: 1 Pages: 63-72
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/754/1/63
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] The Highly Energetic Expansion of SN 2010bh Associated with GRB 100316D (2012)
  • Author(s): Bufano, F., Kawabata, K.~S., et al.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 753 Issue: 1 Pages: 67-67
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/753/1/67
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] The Optical SN 2012bz Associated with the Long GRB 120422A (2012)
  • Author(s): Melandri, A., et al.
  • Journal Title: Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume: 547 Pages: 82-88
  • DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219879
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Super-Chandrasekhar-mass Light Curve Models for the Highly Luminous Type Ia Supernova 2009dc (2012)
  • Author(s): Yasuomi Kamiya, et al.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 756(2) Issue: 2 Pages: 191-191
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/756/2/191
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] A Theoretical Color-Velocity Correlation for Supernovae Associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts (2012)
  • Author(s): S. Rapoport, S. A. Sim, K. Maeda, M. Tanaka, M. Kromer, B. P. Schmidt, K. Nomoto
  • Journal Title: Astrophysical Journal Volume: 759 Issue: 1 Pages: 38-47
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/759/1/38
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Unusual Long and Luminous Optical Transient in the Subaru Deep Field (2012)
  • Author(s): Y. Urata
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Letters Volume: 760 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-17
  • DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/760/1/l11
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Presentation] Time-Domain Science with Subaru/HSC and Gravitational Wave Objects (2015)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: The 3rd Workshop on Large Aperture Sub/mm Telescope in the ALMA Era
  • Place of Presentation: Tokyo, Japan
  • Year and Date: 2015-03-10 – 2015-03-11
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Optical Transient Surveys for EM counterparts of GW Sources (2015)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 「重力波天体の多様な観測による宇宙物理学の新展開」第３回シンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 広島大学（広島県）
  • Year and Date: 2015-02-19 – 2015-02-21
• [Presentation] 突発天体観測 (2015)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: コンパクト連星合体からの重力波・電磁波放射とその周辺領域
  • Place of Presentation: 京都大学（京都府）
  • Year and Date: 2015-02-12 – 2015-02-14
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 初代星超新星の検出に向けて (2015)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 初代星・初代銀河研究会2015
  • Place of Presentation: 東北大学（宮城県）
  • Year and Date: 2015-01-19 – 2015-01-21
  • Invited
• [Presentation] コンパクト連星合体のマルチメッセンジャー研究 (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 第27回理論懇シンポジウム「理論天文学・宇宙物理学と境界領域」
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台（東京都）
  • Year and Date: 2014-12-24 – 2014-12-26
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Supernova Science with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (2014)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Chile-Japan Academic Forum in UTokyo "Astrophysics and Astronomical Instrumentation
  • Place of Presentation: Tokyo, Japan
  • Year and Date: 2014-10-08 – 2014-10-09
• [Presentation] Electromagnetic Emission from Neutron Star Mergers (2014)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics of Neutron-Star Mergers and Supernovae, and the Origin of R-Process Elements
  • Place of Presentation: Trento, Italy
  • Year and Date: 2014-09-08 – 2014-09-12
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Transient Science with Hyper Suprime-Cam (2014)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Synergy of HSC and Hiroshima CORE-U projects for Galaxy Cluster and Astronomical Transients
  • Place of Presentation: Hiroshima, Japan
  • Year and Date: 2014-08-27
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Optical/Infrared Emission from Supernova and Kilonova (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 超新星・ガンマ線バースト研究会2014
  • Place of Presentation: 理化学研究所（埼玉県）
  • Year and Date: 2014-08-25 – 2014-08-27
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 超新星爆発ショックブレイクアウトの検出に向けた突発天体の即時フォローアップ観測 (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 2014年度岡山（光赤外）ユーザーズミーティング
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台（東京都）
  • Year and Date: 2014-08-11 – 2014-08-12
• [Presentation] Time-Domain Science (2014)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Thirty Meter Telescope Science Forum
  • Place of Presentation: Tucson, USA
  • Year and Date: 2014-07-17 – 2014-07-19
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 重力波天体の分光観測 (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: TAO U-band カメラサイエンスワークショップ
  • Place of Presentation: 東京大学（東京都）
  • Year and Date: 2014-07-15
• [Presentation] Kiso Supernova Survey (KISS): 短時間変動するextremely radio-loud AGNの発見 (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 木曽シュミットシンポジウム2014
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台（東京都）
  • Year and Date: 2014-07-10 – 2014-07-11
• [Presentation] 広視野サーベイと連携した3.8m望遠鏡による突発天体観測 (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 岡山3.8m新望遠鏡によるサイエンス・装置・運用ワークショップ
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台（東京都）
  • Year and Date: 2014-05-22 – 2014-05-23
• [Presentation] Radioactively Powered Emission from Compact Binary Coalescences: Implications for Observing Strategies (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 2nd Symposium - New Development in Astrophysics through Multimessenger Observations of Gravitational Wave Sources
  • Place of Presentation: 東京工業大学（東京都）
• [Presentation] Optical Transient Survey: Prospects for Finding Electromagnetic Counterparts of Gravitational-Wave Sources (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 2nd Symposium - New Development in Astrophysics through Multimessenger Observations of Gravitational Wave Sources
  • Place of Presentation: 東京工業大学（東京都）
• [Presentation] 超新星爆発に見る大質量星連星進化の痕跡 (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 「連星天文学」研究会
  • Place of Presentation: 京都大学（京都府）
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 重力波源の光学赤外線対応天体 (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 日本物理学会 第69回年次大会 宇宙線・宇宙物理領域、理論核物理領域合同シンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 東海大学(神奈川県)
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 「rプロセス新星」の輻射輸送シミュレーション (2014)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣、仏坂 健太、久徳 浩太郎、和南城 伸也、木内 建太、関口 雄一郎、柴田 大
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会2014年春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 国際基督教大学(東京都)
• [Presentation] Optical Emission from Neutron Star Merger (2013)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Gravitational Waves - Revolution in Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • Place of Presentation: 京都大学（京都府）
• [Presentation] Optical Transient Survey with Medium-Size Telescopes (2013)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Medium-Size Telescope Science Workshop
  • Place of Presentation: Dianchi Hotel （中国）
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Time Domain Science with TMT (2013)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Thirty Meter Telescope Science Forum
  • Place of Presentation: Waikoloa Resort on the island of Hawaii (USA)
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Radioactively Powered Emission from Neutron Star Merger (2013)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Long-term Workshop on Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts 2013
  • Place of Presentation: 京都大学（京都府）
• [Presentation] Optical Observations of Extragalactic Supernovae (2013)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Multi-Messengers from Core-Collapse Supernovae
  • Place of Presentation: 福岡大学（福岡県）
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 広視野サーベイ観測と連携した突発天体の即時観測 (2013)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 2013年度岡山ユーザーズミーティング
  • Place of Presentation: 倉敷市立美術館 (岡山県)
• [Presentation] 重力波天文学と連携した光赤外観測の提案 (2013)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 2013年度光赤天連シンポジウム「2020年代の光赤外天文学 - 将来計画の再構成」
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台（東京都）
• [Presentation] 連星中性子星合体からの可視光放射 (2013)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣、仏坂 健太
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会2013年秋季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 東北大学（宮城県）
• [Presentation] 時間変動天体サイエンスとHSC-Euclidサーベイ (2013)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: HSC-Euclidサイエンス検討研究会
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台(東京都)
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 中性子星連星合体の観測的特徴と可視光観測の戦略 (2013)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 研究会「コンパクト連星の合体と電磁波対応天体」
  • Place of Presentation: 京都大学(京都府)
• [Presentation] 広視野突発天体サーベイと3.8m望遠鏡によるサイエンス (2013)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 岡山3.8m新望遠鏡によるサイエンスと観測装置ワークショップ
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台(東京都)
• [Presentation] 超新星爆発の偏光分光観測 (2013)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 研究会「光赤外偏光天文学の軌跡と今後」
  • Place of Presentation: リリックおがわ(埼玉県)
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 3D Geometry of Supernovae: Spectropolarimetric Observations (2012)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Core-Collapse Supernovae: Models and Observable Signals
  • Place of Presentation: Seattle, USA
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Spectropolarimetric Observations of Supernovae (2012)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Tsinghua Transient Workshop 2012
  • Place of Presentation: Beijing, China
  • Invited
• [Presentation] High-Cadence Supernova Survey (2012)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Workshop on "Supernovae, Dark Energy, and Cosmology"
  • Place of Presentation: 東京大学(千葉県)
• [Presentation] KISS: Kiso Supernova Survey (2012)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Organizer: Kavli IPMU Focus Week for Supernovae Near and Far
  • Place of Presentation: 東京大学(千葉県)
• [Presentation] ALMAによる超新星ダストの観測 (2012)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: ALMAで探る超新星爆発とその残骸
  • Place of Presentation: 青山学院大学(神奈川県)
• [Presentation] 大規模観測 KISS: ソフトウェア (2012)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 木曽シュミットシンポジウム2012
  • Place of Presentation: 木曽勤労者福祉センター(長野県)
• [Presentation] 2020年代の恒星研究 (2012)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 2012年度光赤天連シンポジウム「2020年に向けてのロードマップ」
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台(東京都)
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 可視光偏光分光観測で探る超新星爆発の３次元形状 (2012)
  • Author(s): 田中 雅臣、川端 弘治、服部 尭、青木 賢太郎、家 正則、佐々木 敏由紀、山中 雅之、前田 啓一、野本 憲一、P. A. Mazzali、E. Pian
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会2012年秋季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 大分大学(大分県)
• [Presentation] 超新星爆発:可視光観測の現状とこれから (2012)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 高エネルギーガンマ線でみる極限宇宙2012
  • Place of Presentation: 東京大学(千葉県)
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Bridging young SNe and SNRs (2012)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 超新星と超新星残骸の融合研究会 －恒星進化、爆発メカニズムと元素合成－
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台(東京都)
• [Presentation] 超新星の観測 (2012)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 第25回理論懇シンポジウム「計算宇宙物理の新展開」
  • Place of Presentation: つくば国際会議場(茨城県)
  • Invited
• [Presentation] High-Cadence Optical Transient Survey (2012)
  • Author(s): 田中雅臣
  • Organizer: 科研費新学術領域「重力波天体」研究会(第2回)
  • Place of Presentation: 広島大学(広島県)
• [Remarks] 中性子星合体からの電磁波放射
  • URL: http://4d2u.nao.ac.jp/t/var/download/index.php?id=NSMerger
• [Remarks] 超新星爆発の形、実はでこぼこ？ －すばる望遠鏡で迫る超新星爆発のメカニズム－
  • URL: https://www.naoj.org/Pressrelease/2012/08/02/j_index.html