| Budget Amount *help |
¥1,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥450,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
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| Research Abstract |
In the Malay Waters, the 1760s-1840s, which falls on the end of independent indigenous states and the beginning of colonial states, has been considered to be the period of decline and confusion. If we focus not on states but on migration and trade, the period was rather a booming period, which witnessed the strong trade with China, and concomitant active migration. As major exports shifts from the limited precious natural products in the earlier times to the mass-consuption items such as marine and forest products, local society in many places was linked to the world market and became more strongly market-oriented. It is possible to conclude that these changes meant a form of modernity, which did not necessarily result from Western impacts.
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