| Budget Amount *help |
¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥260,000 (Direct Cost: ¥200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥60,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥390,000 (Direct Cost: ¥300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥90,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
This project focuses on a relatively neglected period in Mark Twain’s life and work, and specifically on the period in his last years when he dictated his Autobiography to a stenographer, Josephine S. Hobby. The Autobiography of Mark Twain, the uncensored edition, was newly published; Volume 1 in 2010 after a hundred years of his death (Volume 2 in 2013, and Volume 3 in 2015). I analyze his social criticism mainly in Volume 1 where he bitterly criticizes atrocities perpetrated in this world, such as in the Philippines, Congo, and Russia in 1906, when he dictated to the stenographer. Complex as his last years might be, the picture I draw here might help readers to see a Mark Twain who is still quite active and positive, and not necessarily pessimistic over the future of the world history. I aim to reconstruct popular pictures of his last years.
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