| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,680,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,080,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
I constructed a theory on proper names which is compatible with (1) as well as (2). (1) Proper names are given to individuals, i.e. the least abstract entities in the world. Accordingly, the singularity as represented by proper names constitutes a lower-level concept. (2) Only human beings can recognize Superman and Clark Kent as one and the same individual, despite their drastically different properties. Accordingly, the singularity as represented by proper names constitute a higher-level concept. In most cases, individuals are recognized through their properties. In understanding identity statements such as "Superman = Clark Kent", however, we must posit an individual which is defined independently from the properties exhibited by its aspects. This is the source of the ambivalent characterizations of individuals.
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