| Budget Amount *help |
¥5,070,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,170,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥2,340,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥540,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
The aim was to explain how racialist/anti-Asian attitudes (Yellow Peril) among American generals and US Congressmen transformed into anti-communist attitudes (Red Peril) during the Cold War. Based on public and private sources, it examined historically their ideas of national security, race, and citizenship as applied to east Asian immigration from World War II to 1952. The study examined documents left by key politicians at the national level who were responsible for the new 1952 immigration law; Secretary of State andState Department, Passport Bureau director; regional politicians; and government agencies focused on national security, such as the Civil Defense Agency.
The study found the Yellow Peril’s political and economic values transferred to the Red Peril ideology. It also revealed how the two national political leaders were focused on the internal/domestic threat rather than the external threat that American military leaders were preoccupied with.
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