| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,940,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,140,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,820,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥420,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥450,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
The fundamental social change, so called "modernization" in Borneo societies was incurred by the colonial governments' policy but at the same time it was strongly influenced by the church missionary activities. Apart from the economic development, the formation of ethnic groups and ethnic identity was most important change for the societies where no explicit social demarcation existed. Such social demarcation was firstly brought by the colonial administration as a means to put ambiguous native societies in order, but the churches also emphasized the difference between "their christian society" and muslims or other churches. Through the activities of churches, peoples of Borneo unconsciously learn the difference of social groups on the daily basis. The conversion to christianity was to acquire a new life style, but it was to acquire new identification at the same time. The church activities have influenced and still influences strongly the ethnic awareness of Borneo societies.
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