| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,810,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,110,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
The present study compares contemporary reforms of the welfare states in the UK, France, Germany, and Sweden, by examining the political cause behind the divergence among them. Some researchers insist that the welfare policies in the developed countries turn into social investment strategies. In contrast, this study reveals that there are two different reform directions. The first is workfare policies, which imply a reduction of the social expenditure and enforce job activities on the unemployed. The other is free choice policies, which assure citizens with opportunities for choosing their own way of life and work. This divergence arises from different forms of democracy: top-down and bottom-up styles. The UK and Germany chose a top-down style, which corresponded to workfare policies. Sweden and France chose a bottom-up style, which corresponded to free choice policies.
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