| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,940,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,140,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,820,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥420,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥2,080,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥480,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
The word “jiko-jitsugen” has become very popular in modern Japan, but its original appearance in Japanese history can be traced to the moment when Rikizo Nakashima, a Japanese ethicist, translated the British word “self-realisation” into the Japanese word “jiga-jitsugen” in an 1895 publication. Subsequently, throughout the Meiji, Taisho, and the early Showa periods, thoughts of self-realization developed as a series of ethical percepts reflecting what the relationship between individual and society is, and should be, like. However, in the fascist era, the ideological constraints imposed on their concept of self-realization made young Japanese elites convert the idea of a horizontal individual-society harmony, producing the concept of a vertical absorption of the people into the state. As self-realization is predisposed to be an exclusive term symbolizing individualism in the present day, this paradoxical fact is a significant discovery in the educational history of Japan.
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