Atmospheric survey targeting the long-range transported bioaerosol by Asian dust events

• Project/Area Number: 26304003
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• Allocation Type: Partial Multi-year Fund
• Section: 海外学術
• Research Field: Environmental dynamic analysis
• Research Institution: Kanazawa University
• Principal Investigator: Maki Teruya 金沢大学, 物質化学系, 准教授 (70345601)
• Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha): 市瀬 孝道 大分県立看護科学大学, 看護学部, 教授 (50124334) ; 小林 史尚 弘前大学, 理工学研究科, 教授 (60293370) ; 柿川 真紀子 金沢大学, 電子情報学系, 准教授 (10359713) ; 松木 篤 金沢大学, 環日本海域環境研究センター, 准教授 (90505728)
• Co-Investigator(Renkei-kenkyūsha): IWASAKA Yasunobu 滋賀県立大学, 理事・教授 (20022709)
• Project Period (FY): 2014-04-01 – 2018-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2017)
• Budget Amount: ¥17,420,000 (Direct Cost: ¥13,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥4,020,000); Fiscal Year 2016: ¥5,070,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,170,000); Fiscal Year 2015: ¥5,070,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,170,000); Fiscal Year 2014: ¥7,280,000 (Direct Cost: ¥5,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,680,000)
• Keywords: バイオエアロゾル / 微生物 / 越境大気 / 黄砂 / PM2.5 / 健康影響 / 真菌 / 接地境界層 / 乾燥地 / 大気浮遊微生物 / 高高度観測 / 越境輸送 / 越境汚染大気 / 微生物生態 / ヒト健康影響 / 生物多様性 / 細菌群集構造 / 大気微生物 / 微生物生態学

Outline of Final Research Achievements

Asian dust events occurring over East Asia dispersal airborne microorganisms (bioaerosol), which would impact biological ecosystems and human societies in downwind area such as Japan and Korea. However, the microbial long-range transports process has rarely been investigated because large-scale sampling network over eastern Asia were needed. Our Japan-China-Korea survey network collected the bioaerosol samples at height altitudes (1000m-3000m) at Asian dust source and deposition regions. Metagenomic analysis targeting microbial rRNA genes revealed that the microbial communities associate with Asian dust were originated from terrestrial, marine, phyllophiric environments. Furthermore, the microbial effects of human health, such as allergy and asthma, have been demonstrated by the mouse assay using fungal isolates. These informative results would contribute to develop the global hazardous measures for the long-range transported pathogens by Asian dust events and industrial pollutants.

Research Products

• [Int'l Joint Research] オークランド工科大学(ニュージーランド)
• [Int'l Joint Research] 蘭州大学/中国科学院(中国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] モンゴル気象環境監視庁情報・気象水文環境研究所(モンゴル)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Hankuk University of Foreign Studies(韓国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] 中国科学/蘭州大学(中国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] 韓国外国語大学校/忠北大学(韓国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] モンゴル気象水文環境研究所/ホスタイ国立公園(モンゴル)
• [Int'l Joint Research] オークランド工科大学(ニュージーランド)
• [Int'l Joint Research] 中国科学院大気物理研究所/蘭州大学(中国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] モンゴル気象水文環境研究所（IMHE）(モンゴル)
• [Int'l Joint Research] 忠北大学微生物学部(韓国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] オークランド工科大学 応用科学研究所(ニュージーランド)
• [Journal Article] Long-range transported bioaerosols captured in snow cover on Mount Tateyama, Japan: Impacts of Asian-dust events on airborne bacterial dynamics relating to ice-nucleation activities (2018)
  • Author(s): Maki Teruya、Furumoto Shogo、Asahi Yuya、Lee Kevin C.、Watanabe Koichi、Aoki Kazuma、Murakami Masataka、Tajir Takuya、Hasegawa Hiroshi、Mashio Asami、Iwasaka Yasunobu
  • Journal Title: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions Volume: - Pages: 1-27
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-2017-1241
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Variations of airborne bacterial communities at high altitudes in response dust events, over Asian-dust downwind area (Japan) (2017)
  • Author(s): T.Maki, K.Hara, A.Iwata, K.C.Lee, K.Kawai, K.Kai, F.Kobayashi, S.B.Pointing, S.Archer, H.Hasegawa, Y.Iwasaka
  • Journal Title: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Volume: １７ Issue: 19 Pages: 11877-11897
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-11877-2017
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Global Diversity of Desert Hypolithic Cyanobacteria (2017)
  • Author(s): Lacap-Bugler Donnabella C.、Lee Kevin K.、Archer Stephen、Gillman Len N.、Lau Maggie C.Y.、Leuzinger Sebastian、Lee Charles K.、Maki Teruya、McKay Christopher P.、Perrott John K.、de los Rios-Murillo Asuncion、Warren-Rhodes Kimberley A.、Hopkins David W.、Pointing Stephen B.
  • Journal Title: Frontiers in Microbiology Volume: 8 Pages: 867-867
  • DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00867
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Characterization of atmospheric bioaerosols along the transport pathway of Asian dust during the Dust-Bioaerosol 2016 Campaign (2017)
  • Author(s): Tang Kai、Huang Zhongwei、Huang Jianping、Maki Teruya、Zhang Shuang、Ma Xiaojun、Shi Jinsen、Bi Jianrong、Zhou Tian、Wang Guoyin、Zhang Lei
  • Journal Title: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions Volume: - Pages: 1-41
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-2017-1172
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] 季節風が運ぶ納豆菌 (2017)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Journal Title: セブン‐イレブン記念財団「みどりの風」 Volume: 52 winter Pages: 16-17
• [Journal Article] 南極上空大気の中の微生物 (2017)
  • Author(s): 小林史尚
  • Journal Title: 極地 Volume: 105
• [Journal Article] Atmospheric bioaerosols originating from Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae): ecological observations of airborne bacteria at Hukuro Cove, Langhovde, Antarctica (2016)
  • Author(s): F. Kobayashi, T. Maki, M. Kakikawa, T. Noda, H. Mitamura, A. Takahashi, S. Imura, Y. Iwasaka
  • Journal Title: Polar Science Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Pages: 71-78
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2015.12.002
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Variations of ice nuclei concentrahttps://www-kofu.jsps.go.jp/kofu1/images/title_img1.giftion induced by rain and snowfall 1 within a local forested site in Japan (2016)
  • Author(s): K. Hara, T. Maki, F. Kobayashi, M. Kakikawa, M. Wada, A. Matsuki
  • Journal Title: Atmospheric Environmen Volume: 127 Pages: 1-5
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.12.009
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] 中国大陸からの越境エアロゾルが貧栄養海域微生物に及ぼす生態学的影響の解明：太平洋沖合の海水を用いた洋上培養実験 (2016)
  • Author(s): 朝日裕也, 牧 輝弥, 石川 輝, 松永智樹, 渡辺幸一, 青木一真, 堀内 周, 長谷川 浩, 岩坂泰信
  • Journal Title: 日本海水学会 Volume: 70 Pages: 28-40
  • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] Effects of different temperature treatments on biological ice (2016)
  • Author(s): Hara, K., T. Maki, M. Kakikawa, F. Kobayashi, A. Matsuki
  • Journal Title: Atmospheric Environment Volume: 140 Pages: 415-419
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.011
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Variations in the structure of airborne bacterial communities in Tsogt-Ovoo of Gobi Desert area during dust events (2016)
  • Author(s): Maki, T., Y. Kurosaki, K. Onishi, K.C. Lee, S.B. Pointing, D. Jugder, N. Yamanaka, H. Hasegawa, M. Shinoda
  • Journal Title: Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health Volume: 10(3) Issue: 3 Pages: 249-260
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11869-016-0430-3
  • NAID: 120005851364
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Atmospheric aerosol deposition influences marine microbial communities in oligotrophic surface waters of the western Pacific Ocean (2016)
  • Author(s): Maki, T., A. Ishikawa, T. Matsunaga, S. B. Pointing, Y. Saito, T. Kasai, K. Watanabe, K. Aoki, A. Horiuchi, K. C. Lee, H. Hasegawa, and Y. Iwasaka
  • Journal Title: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers Volume: 118 Pages: 37-45
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2016.10.002
  • NAID: 120005982995
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Variations of airborne bacterial communities at high altitudes in response dust events, over Asian-dust downwind area (Japan) (2016)
  • Author(s): Maki, T., K. Hara, A. Iwata, K.C. Lee, K. Kawai, K. Kai, F. Kobayashi, S.B. Pointing, S. Archer, H. Hasegawa, Y. Iwasaka
  • Journal Title: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion Volume: -
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-2016-1095
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] プロダクトイノベーション：「そらなっとう」開発秘話：空飛ぶ納豆菌はなぜ発見されたのか？ (2016)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥，岩坂泰信，吉田圭吾，小林史尚，河合賢人，市瀬孝道
  • Journal Title: 化学と生物 Volume: 54（4） Pages: 289-293
  • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] Silica-carrying particulate matter enhances Bjerkandera adusta-induced murine lung eosinophilia. (2016)
  • Author(s): He M, Ichinose T, Liu B, Song Y, Yoshida Y, Kobayashi F, Maki T, Yoshida S, Nishikawa M, Takano H, Sun G.
  • Journal Title: Environ Toxicol Volume: 31（1） Pages: 93-105
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Collocated observations of cloud condensation nuclei, particle size distributions, and chemical composition (2016)
  • Author(s): J. Schmale, S. Henning, B. Henzing, H. Keskinen, K. Sellegri, J. Ovadnevaite, A. Matsuki, et al.
  • Journal Title: Scientific Data Volume: 4 Issue: 1 Pages: 170003-170003
  • DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.3
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Property of Black Carbon Particles Measured by a Laser-Induced Incandescence Technique in the spring at Noto Peninsula, Japan (2016)
  • Author(s): 竹谷文一, 金谷有剛, 中山智喜, 上田紗也子, 松見豊, 定永靖宗, 岩本洋子, 松木篤
  • Journal Title: Earozoru Kenkyu Volume: 31 Issue: 3 Pages: 194-202
  • DOI: 10.11203/jar.31.194
  • NAID: 130005421158
  • ISSN: 0912-2834, 1881-543X
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Thermal dissociation cavity attenuated phase shift spectroscopy for continuous measurement of total peroxy and organic nitrates in the clean atmosphere (2016)
  • Author(s): Y. Sadanaga, R. Takaji, A. Ishiyama, K. Nakajima, A. Matsuki, and H. Bandow
  • Journal Title: Review of Scientific Instruments Volume: 87 Issue: 7 Pages: 074102-074102
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4958167
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Effects of different temperature treatments on biological ice nuclei in snow samples (2016)
  • Author(s): Hara, K., T. Maki, M. Kakikawa, F. Kobayashi and A. Matsuki
  • Journal Title: Atmospheric Environment Volume: 140 Pages: 415-419
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Mineral dust aerosols promote the formation of toxic nitropolycyclic aromatic compounds (2016)
  • Author(s): T. Kameda, E. Azumi, A. Fukushima, N. Tang, A. Matsuki, Y. Kamiya, A. Toriba, K. Hayakawa
  • Journal Title: Scientific Reports Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Pages: 24427-24427
  • DOI: 10.1038/srep24427
  • NAID: 120005770779
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial species compositions in sand dunes and dust aerosol in an Asian dust source area, the Taklimakan Desert (2016)
  • Author(s): F. Puspitasari, T. Maki, G. Shi, C. Bin, F. Kobayashi, H. Hasegawa, Y. Iwasaka
  • Journal Title: Atmosphere and Health Volume: in press Issue: 6 Pages: 631-644
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11869-015-0367-y
  • NAID: 120005661915
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] プロダクトイノベーション「そらなっとう」開発秘話：空飛ぶ納豆菌はなぜ発見されたのか？ (2016)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥，岩坂泰信，吉田圭吾，小林史尚，河合賢人，市瀬孝道
  • Journal Title: 化学と生物 Volume: 54 Pages: 289-293
  • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] Evaluation of the toxicity of a Kosa (Asian duststorm) event from view of food poisoning: observation of Kosa cloud behavior and real-time PCR analyses of Kosa bioaerosols during May 2011 in Kanazawa, Japan (2015)
  • Author(s): 2.Kobayashi F, Iwata K, Maki T, Kakikawa M, Higashi T, Yamada M, Ichinose T, Iwasaka Y
  • Journal Title: Air Quality, Atmosphere and health Volume: in press Issue: 1 Pages: 3-14
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11869-015-0333-8
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] The role of Toll-like receptors and MyD88 in Bjerkandera adusta-induced lung inflammation (2015)
  • Author(s): M. He, T. Ichinose, Y. Song, Y. Yoshida, F. Kobayashi, T. Maki, S Yoshida, H Takano, T Shibamoto, G. Guifan Sun
  • Journal Title: Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. Volume: 168 Issue: 2 Pages: 96-106
  • DOI: 10.1159/000441895
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area, Noto Peninsula (2015)
  • Author(s): T. Maki, K. Hara, F. Kobayashi, Y. Kurosaki, M. Kakikawa, A. Matsuki, C. Bin, G. Shi, H. Hasegawa, Y. Iwasaka
  • Journal Title: Atmospheric Environment Volume: 119 Pages: 282-293
  • NAID: 120005851363
  • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] Bioprocess of Kosa bioaerosols: effect of 1 ultraviolet radiation on airborne bacteria within Kosa (Asian dust) (2015)
  • Author(s): 3.Kobayashi F, Maki T, Kakikawa M, Yamada M, Puspitasari F, Iwasaka Y
  • Journal Title: Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering Volume: 199 Issue: 5 Pages: 570-579
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.10.015
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] 放射性セシウムの環境動態解析に向けたLA-ICP-MS分析の応用 (2015)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Journal Title: ぶんせき Volume: 10 Pages: 466-466
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Evaluation of the toxicity of a Kosa (Asian duststorm) event from view of food poisoning: observation of Kosa cloud behavior and real-time PCR analyses of Kosa bioaerosols during May 2011 in Kanazawa, Japan (2015)
  • Author(s): F. Kobayashi, K. Iwata, T. Maki, M. Kakikawa, T. Higashi, M. Yamada, T. Ichinose, Y. Iwasaka
  • Journal Title: Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health Volume: in press
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Lung inflammation by fungus, Bjerkandera adusta isolated from Asian sand dust (ASD) aerosol and enhancement of ovalbumin -induced lung eosinophilia by ASD and the fungus in mice. (2014)
  • Author(s): Liu B, Ichinose T, He M, Kobayashi F, Maki T, Yoshida S, Yoshida Y, Arashidani K, Takano H, Nishikawa M, Sun G, Shibamoto T.
  • Journal Title: Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Pages: 30-30
  • DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-10-10
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Variations in the structure of airborne bacterial communities in a downwind area during an Asian dust (Kosa) event (2014)
  • Author(s): T. Maki, F. Puspitasari, K. Hara, M. Yamada, F. Kobayashi, H. Hasegawa, Y. Iwasaka,
  • Journal Title: Science of the Total Environment Volume: 印刷中 Pages: 75-84
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.044
  • NAID: 120005440328
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Silica-carrying particulate matter enhances Bjerkandera adusta-induced murine lung eosinophilia. (2014)
  • Author(s): He M, Ichinose T, Liu B, Song Y, Yoshida Y, Kobayashi F, Maki T, Yoshida S, Nishikawa M, Takano H, Sun G.
  • Journal Title: Environ Toxicol Volume: - Issue: 1 Pages: 1-10
  • DOI: 10.1002/tox.22025
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] PCR法を併用した超並列シーケンサーによる環境微生物叢の群集構造解析 (2014)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Journal Title: ぶんせき Volume: 2014 Pages: 129-130
• [Journal Article] 空飛ぶ科学者、空飛ぶ納豆を語る (2014)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Journal Title: リーダーのオピニオン誌 石川 自治と教育 Volume: ６月号（681号） Pages: 30-40
• [Journal Article] 空飛ぶ科学者、空飛ぶ納豆を語る (2014)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Journal Title: 石川教育展望 石川県教育文化会議 Volume: ６６号 Pages: 1-10
• [Journal Article] ヤケイロタケのアレルギー学的基礎研究 (2014)
  • Author(s): 市瀬 孝道・牧 輝弥
  • Journal Title: アレルギーの臨床 Volume: 7月臨時増刊号 Pages: 34-39
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Presentation] 立山積雪中に保存される黄砂バイオエアロゾル：微生物群集構造と氷核活性粒子との関係 (2018)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥、古本翔吾、朝日祐也、Kevin C. Lee、渡辺幸一、青木一真、村上正隆、田尻拓也、岩坂泰信
  • Organizer: 第11回大気バイオエアロゾルシンポジウム
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Bioaerosol observations in forested area (2018)
  • Author(s): T. Maki
  • Organizer: Ibaraki Univ.-IRSN international workshop on atmospheric radio-cesium and bio-aerosol emission
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] バイオエアロゾル (大気中の微生物)の現地観測 (2017)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: JSPS研究拠点形成事業 公開セミナー
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋大学（愛知県，名古屋市）
  • Year and Date: 2017-02-23
• [Presentation] 東アジアにおけるバイオエアロゾルの細菌群集構造の変化 (2017)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 第10回大気バイオエアロゾルシンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢大学サテライトプラザ（石川県，金沢市）
  • Year and Date: 2017-02-20
• [Presentation] Long-range transported bacterial communities relating to ice-nucleic particles accumulated to snow cover on Mount Tateyama, Central Japan (2017)
  • Author(s): T. Maki, S. Furumoto, Y. Asahi, K.C. Lee, K. Watanabe, K. Aoki, M. Murakami, T. Tajiri, H. Hasegawa, A. Mashio, Y. Iwasaka
  • Organizer: International Symposium on Cryosphere and Biosphere (International Glaciological Society)
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Vertical distribution of airborne microorganisms in Asian dust (Kosa) source region, Taklamakan and Gobi Deserts (2017)
  • Author(s): T. Maki, C. Bin, K. Kai, K. Ohara, F. Kobayashi, E. Davaanya, J. Noda, K. Kawai, Y. Minamoto, G. Shi, H. Hasegawa, Y. Iwasaka
  • Organizer: アジアダスト・バイオエアロゾル・環境レジームシフトに関する国際ワークショップ
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Variations of airborne microbial communities in Auckland city (New Zealand) during Christmas season (2017)
  • Author(s): Y. Kato, M. Hama, S.B. Pointing, K.C. Lee, S.D.J. Arher, D.C. Lacap-Bugler, E. Kalisa, K. Agnoil, H. Hasegawa, T. Maki
  • Organizer: アジアダスト・バイオエアロゾル・環境レジームシフトに関する国際ワークショップ
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Comparisons of the community structures of airborne bacteria between Asian dust (Kosa) source and downwind areas (2017)
  • Author(s): M. Hama, T. Maki, Y. Kurosaki, K. Kai, M. Shinoda, B. Chen, G. Shi, C.S. Hong, H. Hasegawa, A. Mashio, Y. Iwasaka
  • Organizer: アジアダスト・バイオエアロゾル・環境レジームシフトに関する国際ワークショップ
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 空飛ぶ菌から生まれた『そらなっとう』 (2017)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 南砺市民大学 人と自然・健康
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 大気エアロゾル中Sr, Nd, Pb 同位体比を用いた大気汚染物質の起源推定 (2016)
  • Author(s): 加藤祥生，松木篤，申基澈
  • Organizer: 第6回同位体環境学シンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 総合地球環境学研究所（京都府，京都市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-12-22
• [Presentation] 個別粒子レベルで観る黄砂の物理・化学過程 (2016)
  • Author(s): 松木篤
  • Organizer: 大気環境学会近畿支部，反応と測定部会2016年度講演会
  • Place of Presentation: 大阪府立大学（大阪府，大阪市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-12-06
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 南極の生活と自然エネルギー (2016)
  • Author(s): 小林史尚
  • Organizer: 弘前アップルロータリークラブ講話会講演
  • Place of Presentation: 弘前アップルロータリークラブ（青森県 弘前市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-12-05
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 黄砂とともに微生物がやってくる？シルクロード敦煌観測談 (2016)
  • Author(s): 小林史尚
  • Organizer: 弘前ロータリークラブ外部卓話会講演
  • Place of Presentation: 弘前アップルロータリークラブ（青森県 弘前市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-12-05
• [Presentation] The summary of atmospheric bioaerosols observation during the 54th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE54, 2012-2013) (2016)
  • Author(s): F.Kobayashi
  • Organizer: The 7th Symposium on Polar Science
  • Place of Presentation: 国立極地研究所（東京都，立川市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-11-29
• [Presentation] 越境大気汚染解明における能登半島の役割 (2016)
  • Author(s): 松木篤
  • Organizer: 大学改革シンポジウム「能登半島の自然環境を活用した国際研究拠点形成」
  • Place of Presentation: 七尾サンライフプラザ（石川県，七尾市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-11-04
• [Presentation] 空飛ぶ菌から納豆『そらなっとう』開発秘話 (2016)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 平成27年度北陸４大学連携まちなかセミナー
  • Place of Presentation: 福井大学アカデミーホール（福井県，福井市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-11-03
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 風で運ばれる微生物たち (2016)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 第19回全国風サミット in 珠洲
  • Place of Presentation: ラポルトすず（石川県，珠洲市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-10-28
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 黄砂・ＰＭ2.5の沈着地におけるバイオエアロゾルの微生物群集構造の変化 (2016)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥、笹川修太郎、石丸佳苗、長谷川浩，黒崎泰典，大西一成，洪天祥，陳彬，岩坂泰信
  • Organizer: 日本微生物生態学会 第31 回大会
  • Place of Presentation: 横須賀市文化会館（神奈川県，横須賀市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-10-23
• [Presentation] 能登学舎での大気観測研究：スーパーサイトへの道のり (2016)
  • Author(s): 松木篤
  • Organizer: 能登学舎開設10周年記念式式典
  • Place of Presentation: 能登学舎（石川県，珠洲市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-10-22
• [Presentation] 能登半島における新粒子生成イベント発生要因の解明 (2016)
  • Author(s): 表野宏之，松木篤，木ノ内健人
  • Organizer: 2016年度日本地球化学会年会
  • Place of Presentation: 大阪市立大学（大阪府，大阪市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-09-15
• [Presentation] Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols collected at Noto Peninsula, Japan using carbon isotopes (2016)
  • Author(s): Atsushi MATSUKI, Reina YAMADA, Kento KINOUCHI, Risaki MIYAZAKI, Yoko IWAMOTO, Fumikazu IKEMORI, Masayo MINAMI and Toshio NAKAMURA
  • Organizer: 18th International Conference of International Humic Substances Society
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢市文化ホール（石川県，金沢市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-09-15
• [Presentation] 交流磁界曝露による細胞への抗がん剤取り込み量および細胞生存率への影響 (2016)
  • Author(s): 松居大輔，柿川真紀子，山田外史
  • Organizer: 第40回日本磁気学会学術講演会
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢大学（石川県，金沢市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-09-08
• [Presentation] 多剤耐性を有するヒトがん細胞への抗がん剤作用に対する交流磁界影響 (2016)
  • Author(s): 大野洋靖，柿川真紀子，山田外史
  • Organizer: 第40回日本磁気学会学術講演会
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢大学（石川県，金沢市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-09-08
• [Presentation] 能登半島珠洲における大気汚染物質濃度の経年トレンド解析 (2016)
  • Author(s): 定永靖宗，寺田志大，石山絢菜， 高治諒，松木篤，佐藤啓市，長田和雄，高見昭憲，米村正一郎，坂東博
  • Organizer: 第57回大気環境学会年会
  • Place of Presentation: 北海道大学（北海道，札幌市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-09-07
• [Presentation] 原子間力顕微鏡を用いた個別黄砂粒子の物性評価 (2016)
  • Author(s): 松木篤，水島悠希，岩田歩，渡邊誠，牧輝弥，柿川真紀子，小林史尚
  • Organizer: 第33回エアロゾル科学・技術研究討論会
  • Place of Presentation: 大阪府立大学（大阪府，大阪市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-09-01
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 個別液滴凍結法による実大気中氷晶核の特性評価 (2016)
  • Author(s): 岩田歩，松木篤
  • Organizer: 第33回エアロゾル科学・技術研究討論会
  • Place of Presentation: 大阪府立大学（大阪府，大阪市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-09-01
• [Presentation] 津軽半島における大気の今の現状 (2016)
  • Author(s): 小林史尚
  • Organizer: 市民公開サイエンス講座
  • Place of Presentation: 五所川原中央公民館（青森県 五所川原市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-08-20
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Lecture for the investigation of atmospheric bioaerosols (2016)
  • Author(s): T. Maki
  • Organizer: Third JSPS Seminar
  • Place of Presentation: Ulaanbaatar（Mongolia）
  • Year and Date: 2016-08-11
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Origins of airborne bacterial communities in bioaerosols transported from Gobi Desert area by dust events (2016)
  • Author(s): Teruya Maki, Yasunori Kurosaki, Kazunari Onishi, Fumihisa Kobayashi, Kenji Kai, Kevin Lee, Stephen Pointing, Dulam Jugder, Masato Shinoda and Yasunobu Iwasaka
  • Organizer: Third JSPS Seminar
  • Place of Presentation: Ulaanbaatar（Mongolia）
  • Year and Date: 2016-08-09
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Analysis of physical properties of individual Asian dust (Kosa) particles by Atomic Force Microscopy (2016)
  • Author(s): Atsushi MATSUKI, Yuki MIZUSHIMA, Ayumi IWATA, Makoto WATANABE, Teruya MAKI, Makiko KAKIKAWA, Fumihisa KOBAYASHI, Yasunobu IWASAKA
  • Organizer: Proceedings of Third JSPS Seminar: Collaborative Research between Mongolia, China and Japan on Outbreaks of Asian Dust and Environmental Regime Shift
  • Place of Presentation: Ulaanbaatar（Mongolia）
  • Year and Date: 2016-08-09
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] VIII期における大気バイオエアロゾル観測 (2016)
  • Author(s): 小林史尚
  • Organizer: 南極エアロゾル研究会
  • Place of Presentation: 国立極地研究所（東京都，立川市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-08-03
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 能登で観測される炭素性エアロゾルの起源について (2016)
  • Author(s): 松木篤，山田怜奈，宮崎理咲，木ノ内健人，池盛文数，南雅代，中村俊夫
  • Organizer: 低温研研究集会「有機エアロゾル」
  • Place of Presentation: 北海道大学（北海道，札幌市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-08-01
• [Presentation] Carbonaceous aerosols observed in Noto peninsula: Their source and impact on aerosol CCN activity (2016)
  • Author(s): Atsushi MATSUKI, Reina YAMADA, Kinouchi KINOUCHI, Risaki MIYAZAKI, Yoko IWAMOTO, Fumikazu IKEMORI, Masayo MINAMI, Toshio NAKAMURA
  • Organizer: Goldschmidt 2016
  • Place of Presentation: パシィフィコ横浜（神奈川県，横浜市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-06-29
• [Presentation] The characterization of ice nucleating particles by combined AFM, RMS, and SEM-EDX (2016)
  • Author(s): Ayumi IWATA, Atsushi MATSUKI
  • Organizer: Goldschmidt 2016
  • Place of Presentation: パシィフィコ横浜（神奈川県，横浜市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-06-29
• [Presentation] The effects of Asian dust events on Variations in airborne bacterial communities at high altitudes over a downwind area, Noto Peninsula, Japan. (2016)
  • Author(s): T. Maki, A. Maekawa, F. Kobayashi, K. Hara, A. Matsuki, A. Iwata, K. Kai, B. Chen, G. Shi, Y. H. Kim, C.S. Hong, and Y. Iwasaka
  • Organizer: Dust2016, International Conference on Atmospheric Dust
  • Place of Presentation: Castellaneta Marina, Buona（Italy）
  • Year and Date: 2016-06-12
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 能登半島における新粒子生成の観測 (2016)
  • Author(s): 表野宏之，松木篤，木ノ内健人
  • Organizer: 日本地球惑星科学連合2016年大会
  • Place of Presentation: 幕張メッセ（千葉県，千葉市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-05-25
• [Presentation] 大気エアロゾルのSr-Pb同位体比の季節変化に基づく大気汚染物質の起源推定 (2016)
  • Author(s): 加藤祥生，松木篤，申基澈，中野孝教
  • Organizer: 日本地球惑星科学連合2016年大会
  • Place of Presentation: 幕張メッセ（千葉県，千葉市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-05-25
• [Presentation] Variations in the structure of airborne bacterial communities in Gobi desert area during a dust event (2016)
  • Author(s): T. Maki, Y. Kurosaki, K. Onishi, N. Yamanaka, M. Shinoda, F. Kobayashi, Y. Iwasaka
  • Organizer: The 8th International Workshop on Sand/Duststorms and Associated Dustfall
  • Place of Presentation: Lisbon(Portugal)
  • Year and Date: 2016-05-03
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The Effects of Airborne Bacteria within Asian Duststorm (Kosa bioaerosols) on the Forest Ecosystem: Wood Decay and Growth of Pinewood Nematode by Kosa Bioaerosol (2016)
  • Author(s): F. Kobayashi, D. Akaishi, T. Maki, M. Kakikawa, A. Matsuki, Y. Iwasaka
  • Organizer: The 8th International Workshop on Sand/Duststorms and Associated Dustfall
  • Place of Presentation: Lisbon(Portugal)
  • Year and Date: 2016-05-03
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Microorganisms Transported Long-range in the Free Atmosphere over North-East Asia (2016)
  • Author(s): Y.Iwasaka, T.Maki, F.Kobayashi, M.Kakikawa, A.Matsuki
  • Organizer: 8th International Workshop on Sand/Duststorms and Associated Dustfall
  • Place of Presentation: Lisbon(Portugal)
  • Year and Date: 2016-05-02
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] アジア大陸から越境輸送されてくる大気バイオエアロゾルの2つの顔 (2016)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥，市瀬孝道，小林史尚，岩坂泰信 (小林史尚 代理講演)
  • Organizer: 第90回日本感染症学会総会
  • Place of Presentation: 仙台国際センター（宮城県 仙台市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-04-15
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Comparisons of the microbial communities in bioaerosol between Asian dust (Kosa) source and downwind areas (2016)
  • Author(s): T. Maki
  • Organizer: International Symposium on Trans-boundary Pollution and Integrated Research Studies,
  • Place of Presentation: Japan, Kanazawa, Kanazawa university
  • Year and Date: 2016-03-07
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] アジア大陸の砂漠て生まれるバイオエアロソル公開セミナー；バイオエアロソル研究の最前線 ~空飛ふ微生物の知られさる正体~ (2016)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: JSPS 研究拠点形成事業
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋、名古屋大学
  • Year and Date: 2016-02-19
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Multilocus sequence typing(MLST)解析を用いた黄砂バイオエアロゾルの系統地理学的分析 (2015)
  • Author(s): 河合賢人，牧輝弥，小林史尚，柿川真紀子，松木篤，黒崎泰典，篠田雅人，陳彬，石廣玉，金亮勲，洪天祥，長谷川浩，岩坂泰信
  • Organizer: 平成27年度日本化学会近畿支部北陸地区講演会と研究発表会
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢、金沢大学
  • Year and Date: 2015-11-27
• [Presentation] 核酸塩基配列のMultilocus sequence typing解析による大気微生物群の系統地理学的分析 (2015)
  • Author(s): 河合賢人，牧輝弥，小林史尚，柿川真紀子，松木篤，黒崎泰典，篠田雅人，陳彬，石廣玉，金亮勲，洪天祥，長谷川浩，岩坂泰信
  • Organizer: 日本分析化学会中部支部「分析中部・ゆめ21」若手交流会・第15回高山フォーラム
  • Place of Presentation: 高山、高山市図書館「煥章館」
  • Year and Date: 2015-11-14
• [Presentation] Multilocus sequence typing(MLST)解析を用いた黄砂バイオエアロゾルの系統地理学的解析 (2015)
  • Author(s): 河合賢人，牧輝弥，小林史尚，柿川真紀子，松木篤，黒崎泰典，篠田雅人，陳彬，石廣玉，金亮勲，洪天祥，長谷川浩，岩坂泰信
  • Organizer: 第8回北陸合同バイオシンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢、石川県立大学
  • Year and Date: 2015-10-30
• [Presentation] 大気バイオエアロゾルのDAPI染色による蛍光顕微鏡観察 (2015)
  • Author(s): 前川 陽、牧 輝弥、小林 史尚、岩坂 泰信
  • Organizer: 第8回北陸合同バイオシンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢、石川県立大学
  • Year and Date: 2015-10-30
• [Presentation] Multilocus sequence typing(MLST)解析を用いた黄砂バイオエアロゾルの長距離輸送の検討 (2015)
  • Author(s): 河合賢人，牧輝弥，小林史尚，陳彬，石廣玉，青木一真，金亮勲，洪天祥，長谷川浩，岩坂泰信
  • Organizer: 第30回微生物生態学会土浦大会
  • Place of Presentation: 土浦、土浦亀城プラザ
  • Year and Date: 2015-10-18
• [Presentation] 大気バイオエアロゾルの定量分析にむけたDAPI染色による蛍光顕微鏡観察法の検証 (2015)
  • Author(s): 前川 陽、牧 輝弥、小林 史尚、岩坂 泰信
  • Organizer: 第30回微生物生態学会土浦大会
  • Place of Presentation: 土浦、土浦亀城プラザ
  • Year and Date: 2015-10-18
• [Presentation] 「そらなっとう」の開発について―黄砂バイオエアロゾルは悪い奴か？良い奴か？－ (2015)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 石川県地域連携事業セミナー
  • Place of Presentation: 羽咋、宝達高校
  • Year and Date: 2015-10-14
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 空飛ぶ微生物ハンターの研究室にようこそ！ (2015)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 第9回車室内環境技術部門委員会セミナー
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢、金沢大学
  • Year and Date: 2015-08-28
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Comparisons of the community structures of airborne bacteria between Asian dust (Kosa) source and downwind areas, , August 11, 2015 Lanzhou, China (招待講演). (2015)
  • Author(s): T. Maki, F. Kobayashi, M. Kakikawa, A. Matsuki, K. Kai, Y. Kurosaki, K. Onishi, M. Shinoda, B. Chen, G. Shi, Y. H. Kim, C. S. Hong, K. Watanabe, Y. Iwasaka
  • Organizer: International workshop on Outbreaks of Asian Dust and Environmental Regime Shift - Second JSPS Seminar
  • Place of Presentation: Lanzhou, China
  • Year and Date: 2015-08-11
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Lecture for the investigation of atmospheric bioaerosols (2015)
  • Author(s): T. Maki
  • Organizer: International workshop on Outbreaks of Asian Dust and Environmental Regime Shift - Second JSPS Seminar
  • Place of Presentation: Lanzhou, China
  • Year and Date: 2015-08-11
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] 空飛ぶ微生物ハンター「空飛ぶ納豆菌」を捕まえる (2015)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 中部大学セミナー
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋、中部大学中高等学術研究所
  • Year and Date: 2015-07-29
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 「そらなっとう」はどうやって生まれたか？ (2015)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 発酵大学セミナー
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢、金城納豆食品
  • Year and Date: 2015-07-18
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Variations in the structure of airborne bacterial communities in Asian dust (Kosa) source and downwind areas (2015)
  • Author(s): T. Maki, F. Kobayashi, M. Kakikawa, A. Matsuki, K. Hara, Y. Kurosaki, K. Ohishi, B. Chen, G. Shi, Y.H. Kim, C.S. Hong, Y. Iwasaka
  • Organizer: 2015 Asian Aerosol Conference
  • Place of Presentation: Kanazawa, Kanazawa Tokyu Hotel
  • Year and Date: 2015-06-24
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] 黄砂バイオエアロゾルによって風送される微生物群の解析と応用―黄砂バイオエアロゾルは悪い奴か？良い奴か？－ (2015)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 大学院特別セミナー
  • Place of Presentation: 広島、県立広島大学
  • Year and Date: 2015-04-08
  • Invited
• [Presentation] バイオエアロゾルの越境輸送と生態学的特徴 (2015)
  • Author(s): 牧 輝弥（金沢大学 理工研究域）、バイオエアロゾルの越境輸送と生態学的特徴、平成27年2月20日 第２回大気エアロゾルシンポジウム 酪農学園大学
  • Organizer: 第２回大気エアロゾルシンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 酪農学園大学
  • Year and Date: 2015-02-20
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 超並列シーケンサーを用いた高高度浮遊細菌の群集構造解析 (2015)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥，小林史尚，黒崎泰典，陳彬，石廣玉，洪天祥，金亮勲，柿川真紀子，松木篤，長谷川浩，岩坂泰信，「超並列シーケンサーを用いた高高度浮遊細菌の群集構造解析」、第９回大気バイオエアロゾルシンポジウム、2014年1月29日（木）、B-CON PLAZA 別府国際コンベンションセンター
  • Organizer: 第９回大気バイオエアロゾルシンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: B-CON PLAZA 別府国際コンベンションセンター
  • Year and Date: 2015-01-28 – 2015-01-29
• [Presentation] 大気バイオエアロゾルの細菌群集構造解析とその生態学的意義 (2014)
  • Author(s): 牧 輝弥、小林史尚、柿川真紀子、陳彬、洪天祥，岩坂泰信
  • Organizer: 第７回 北陸合同バイオシンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 八尾ゆめの森 ゆうゆう館
  • Year and Date: 2014-11-28 – 2014-11-29
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Species Variations in Airborne Bacterial Communities in Asian Dust Downwind Area during a Dust Event (2014)
  • Author(s): Teruya Maki, Fumihisa Kobayashi, Kazunori Hara, Bin Chen, and Yasunobu Iwasaka
  • Organizer: 2014 AAAR Annual Conference, 2014年10月23日 口頭発表
  • Place of Presentation: Orland, Florida
  • Year and Date: 2014-10-21 – 2014-10-24
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 中国砂漠地帯から長距離輸送される黄砂バイオエアロゾルの超並列シーケンス解析 (2014)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥，小林史尚，陳彬，石廣玉，洪天祥，金亮勲，柿川真紀子，松木篤，長谷川浩，岩坂泰信
  • Organizer: 日本分析化学会 第63年会
  • Place of Presentation: 広島大学
  • Year and Date: 2014-09-17 – 2014-09-19
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities at high altitudes of Asian dust (Kosa) source and downwind areas (2014)
  • Author(s): T. Maki, J. Betsugi, F. Kobayashi, M. Kakikawa, A. Matsuki, K. Hara, Y. Iwamoto, B. Chen, G. Shi, Y.H. Kim, C.S. Hong, Y. Iwasaka
  • Organizer: 2014 International Aerosol Conference
  • Place of Presentation: Busan, Korea
  • Year and Date: 2014-08-31 – 2014-09-05
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 空飛ぶ研究者、空飛ぶ納豆菌を語る（基調講演） (2014)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 専門学校教育研究協議会
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢市
  • Year and Date: 2014-08-06
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Characteristics of airborne bacteria (bioaerosols) in Asian dust source region, Taklamakan Desert (2014)
  • Author(s): T. Maki, F. Kobayashi, B. Chen, G. Shi, Y.H. Kim, C.S. Hong, Y. Iwasaka
  • Organizer: 11th Annual meeting Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS) 2014
  • Place of Presentation: 札幌
  • Year and Date: 2014-07-28 – 2014-08-01
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 空飛ぶ微生物を観たり、食べたりしよう！ (2014)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥
  • Organizer: 金沢大学サテライト・プラザミニ講演，企画：金沢大学地域連携推進センター，共催：金沢子ども科学財団
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢大学サテライト
  • Year and Date: 2014-07-19
  • Invited
• [Book] 低温環境の科学事典 河村公隆（編集代表） (2016)
  • Author(s): 牧輝弥・相川祐理・青木茂・青木周司・青木輝夫・浅野行蔵・東久美子・阿部彩子・荒川圭太・飯高敏晃・飯田肇（執筆）他、 河村公隆・大島慶一郎・小達恒夫・川村賢二・佐﨑元・杉山慎・関宰・宮崎雄三・高橋晃周・西岡純・原登志彦・福井学・藤吉康志・三寺史夫・本山秀明・渡部直樹（編集）
  • Total Pages: 432
  • Publisher: 朝倉書店
• [Book] 低温環境の科学事典 河村公隆（編集代表） (2016)
  • Author(s): 松木篤・相川祐理・青木茂・青木周司・青木輝夫・浅野行蔵・東久美子・阿部彩子・荒川圭太・飯高敏晃・飯田肇（執筆）他、 河村公隆・大島慶一郎・小達恒夫・川村賢二・佐﨑元・杉山慎・関宰・宮崎雄三・高橋晃周・西岡純・原登志彦・福井学・藤吉康志・三寺史夫・本山秀明・渡部直樹（編集）
  • Total Pages: 432
  • Publisher: 朝倉書店
• [Remarks] バイオエアロゾル研究会
  • URL: https://bioaerosol.jimdo.com/
• [Remarks] 金沢大学 教員情報データベース
  • URL: http://ridb.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/public/detail.php?id=3589
• [Remarks] 分析・環境化学研究室
  • URL: http://araim.ch.t.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/
• [Remarks] バイオエアロゾル研究会
  • URL: http://bioaerosol.jimdo.com
• [Remarks] 研究者情報
  • URL: http://ridb.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/public/detail.php?id=3589
• [Remarks] 納豆界のアイドルは空の上でスカウト
  • URL: http://www.hoshizaki.co.jp/penguin_island/penspo2/contents02/
• [Remarks] 金城納豆食品
  • URL: http://www.kinjyo710.com/sora.html
• [Remarks] なっとう界のアイドルは雲の上でスカウト！！ ペンスポ2
  • URL: http://www.hoshizaki.co.jp/penguin_island/penspo2/contents02/
• [Funded Workshop] The 2nd JSPS Seminar (2015)
  • Place of Presentation: 中国、蘭州大学
  • Year and Date: 2015-08-10
• [Funded Workshop] AAC2015 (2015)
  • Place of Presentation: 金沢、エクセルホテル東急
  • Year and Date: 2015-06-24