| Budget Amount *help |
¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥260,000 (Direct Cost: ¥200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥60,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥390,000 (Direct Cost: ¥300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥90,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
An appeal for literary independence in the United States was made by Noah Webster immediately after its political independence, and it was repeated by not only literary men but also politicians.
When English literary critics disparaged nascent American literature, Americans showed various responses. William Ellery Channing, a Unitarian minister, called for the rise of aristocratic national literature; Ralph Waldo Emerson, a transcendentalist, put an emphasis on independent national literature based on self-reliance; Orestes A. Brownson, a transcendentalist minister, argued that national literature should be based on people's democratic spirit; and Margaret Fuller, another transcendentalist, required people to develop national literature beyond gender and race. Thus transcendentalists contributed greatly to the development of American national literature in the first half of the nineteenth century.
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