| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,550,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,050,000)
Fiscal Year 2017: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
This study has investigated a specifically problematized set of violences in the U.S. literary and cultural products released between 1850 and 1970: one categorized as "just violence" or "righteous violence." By analyzing attitudes of authors who variously contoured the particular sort of violence, the present study has eventually attempted to locate the ethical and practical values of literary works. While abundant researchers have critically observed the frequency and commonplaceness of violence in the U.S. history, some of them have authenticated the specific acts of violence justified or even glamorized in certain contexts, as well as Americans' exceptional ability to persuade themselves of their national virtue regardless of the voluminous record of their violence. Building upon this vein of criticism, I have focused on 1) vigilantism, 2) lynching, 3) vengeance, and 4) duel as American authors' literary motifs.
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