| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,550,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,050,000)
Fiscal Year 2017: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
The oral tradition of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe from 1880s to 1930s wasn’t vigorously transmitted to younger generations. This is because the immigrants struggled in highly competitive society and were more willing to assimilate with others in the States. For the second and younger generations English was their native tongue, so the direct transmission of European oral tradition became even more difficult. On the other hand, younger generations created new entertainment genres that could be enjoyed by those who were handicapped with English and lacked American cultural background. Musical shows and Jazz music are representative examples. They are not religiously loud and are not much dependent on language in appealing to the audience. This characteristic of American mass entertainment culture, that is, it is more intuitive and morally conservative, was transmitted to Hollywood films. Interestingly, Japanese post-war mass culture inherited similar characteristics.
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