| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,420,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,020,000)
Fiscal Year 2017: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
This study explores the Mandarin that learned by Westerns as foreign language based on the descriptions in the textbooks and the Bible of the Mandarin version in Modern Times.
The changes of the definition of Mandarin that were provided in textbooks by modern Westerns mainly in UK and France were listed in chronological order.The study of Mandarin analyzed by Westerns, those were carried out to examine the features of the studies by Medhurst, Edkins and Lobscheid. Western scholars point out the important difference between Northern, Southern and the other Mandarin. We suggest an application of the Bibles translated by Medhurst into Mandarin and his Mandarin textbooks representing the characteristics of Mandarin in middle of the 19th century.
The analysis of Mandarin that Westerns described as sentences was mainly performed by comparing the text written in colloquial style of Western recipe and the dialogic writing of catechetical books published in the 19th century.
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