| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,940,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,140,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,820,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥420,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
Using primarily various unread historical documents and maps in the Manchu language written from the 17th until the 20th century and contained in collections worldwide, including Manchu world maps, I analyzed the history of border formation in the Great Qing. I have brought to light that many of these official maps were made in the Department of Cartography in the Workshop of the Imperial Household (ba na i nirugan i nirure boo). Furthermore, by examing the Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Treaty of Kyakhta concluded between the Qing Empire and the Russian Empire and the border negocation processes between the Qing Empire and the Jungar Empire, I have made clear historically that when borders were established they were based on geographical information and the natural environment with mountain ranges and rivers being the primary standard of division.
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