| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,290,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥990,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,820,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥420,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, children in large cities were troubled by the lack of playgrounds which they had had before urbanization. Philanthropists, city planners, architects, and educators considered playgrounds and play opportunities essential for the education of children. The Playground Movement started in large cities in industrialized countries. We investigated the appearances of large parks and playgrounds in, or around, New York City, Chicago, London, and Hamburg.
Some educators, e.g. Clarence A. Perry, participated in city planning for maintaining playgrounds for children, and strengthened the relation between school and park. Some architects, e.g. F.Schumacher, designed parks for children as well as for citizens. There appeared schools with playgrounds, playground associations, and garden cities around metropolitan cities. Eventually, environments for children's play became significant in schools as well as in city planning of large cities in this era.
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