Observational study of jet-formation regions in supermassive black holes with a novel VLBI technique

• Project/Area Number: 26800109
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)
• Allocation Type: Multi-year Fund
• Research Field: Astronomy
• Research Institution: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
• Principal Investigator: Hada Kazuhiro 国立天文台, 水沢VLBI観測所, 助教 (60724458)
• Research Collaborator: HONMA Mareki 国立天文台, 水沢VLBI観測所, 助教 (20332166) ; DOI Akihiro 宇宙科学研究所, 助教 (90403641) ; KINO Motoki 韓国天文研究院, 上席研究員 (70531234) ; GIOVANNINI Gabriele ボローニャ大学, 教授
• Project Period (FY): 2014-04-01 – 2017-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2016)
• Budget Amount: ¥3,510,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥810,000); Fiscal Year 2016: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000); Fiscal Year 2015: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000); Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
• Keywords: 電波天文学 / 超長基線電波干渉計（VLBI） / 活動銀河核 / ブラックホール / 相対論的ジェット / 超長基線電波干渉計(VLBI)

Outline of Final Research Achievements

Understanding the formation mechanisms of relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is one of central questions in modern astrophysics. In this program, we studied several nearby AGN jets, including M87, by using the multi-frequency phase-referencing VLBI technique. We found that the M87 jet could be powered by the central supermassive black hole with strong magnetic fields. We also found that some other sources, in contrast to M87, could have jets that were launched in the accretion disks. These results suggest that various formation mechanisms are viable in AGN jets depending on their individual properties and surrounding environment.

Research Products

• [Int'l Joint Research] 韓国天文宇宙科学研究院/ソウル大学/ヨンセイ大学(韓国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] 上海天文台(中国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] 台湾中央研究院(台湾)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Institute of Radio Astronomy in Bologna(イタリア)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Institute of Radio Astronomy in Bologna(イタリア)
• [Int'l Joint Research] 韓国天文宇宙科学研究院(韓国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy(ドイツ)
• [Journal Article] Millimeter VLBI observations of Sgr A* with KaVA and KVN (2017)
  • Author(s): Zhao, G.-Y., Kino, M., Cho, I.-J., Akiyama, K., Sohn, B. W., Jung, T., Algaba, J. C., Hada, K., Hagiwara, Y., Hodgson, J., Honma, M., Kawaguchi, N., Koyama, S., Lee, J. A., Lee, T., Niinuma, K., Oh, J., Park, J.-H., Ro, H., Sawada-Satoh, S., Tazaki, F., Trippe, S., Wajima, K., Yoo, H.
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Volume: 322 Issue: S322 Pages: 56-63
  • DOI: 10.1017/s1743921316012497
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] The Structure and Propagation of the Misaligned Jet M87 (2017)
  • Author(s): Hada, Kazuhiro
  • Journal Title: Galaxies Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Pages: 2-9
  • DOI: 10.3390/galaxies5010002
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Conical Stream of the Two-Sided Jets in NGC 4261 over the Range of 103-109 Schwarzschild Radii (2016)
  • Author(s): Nakahara, Satomi; Doi, Akihiro; Murata, Yasuhiro; Hada, Kazuhiro; Nakamura, Masanori; Asada, Keiichi
  • Journal Title: Galaxies Volume: vol. 4, issue 4 Issue: 4 Pages: 80-84
  • DOI: 10.3390/galaxies4040080
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] FRB 150418: clues to its nature from European VLBI Network and e-MERLIN observations (2016)
  • Author(s): Giroletti, M., Marcote, B., Garrett, M. A.; Paragi, Z., Yang, J., Hada, K., Muxlow, T. W. B., Cheung, C. C.
  • Journal Title: Astronomy & Astrophysics Volume: 593 Pages: 16-19
  • DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629172
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] PRECL: A new method for interferometry imaging from closure phase (2016)
  • Author(s): Ikeda S., Tazaki F., Akiyama K., Hada K., Honma M.
  • Journal Title: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 45-45
  • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psw042
  • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] ALMA Science Verification Data: Millimeter Continuum Polarimetry of the Bright Radio Quasar 3C 286 (2016)
  • Author(s): Nagai, H., Nakanishi, K., Paladino, R., Hull, C. L. H., Cortes, P., Moellenbrock, G., Fomalont, E., Asada, K., Hada, K.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 824 Issue: 2 Pages: 132-141
  • DOI: 10.3847/0004-637x/824/2/132
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Discovery of off-axis jet structure of TeV blazar Mrk501 with mm-VLBI (2016)
  • Author(s): Koyama, S., Kino, M., Giroletti, M., Doi, A., Giovannini, G., Orienti, M., Hada, K., Ros, E., Niinuma, K., Nagai, H., Savolainen, T., Krichbaum, T. P., Perez-Torres, M. A.
  • Journal Title: Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume: 586 Pages: 113-122
  • DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201526541
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] High-sensitivity 86GHz(3.5mm) VLBI observations of M87: Deep imaging of the jet base at a resolution of 10 Schwarzschild radii (2016)
  • Author(s): Hada, K., Kino, M., Doi, A., Nagai, H., Honma, M., Akiyama, K., Tazaki, F., Lico, R., Giroletti, M., Giovannini, G., Orienti, M., Hagiwara, Y.,
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 817 Issue: 2 Pages: 131-147
  • DOI: 10.3847/0004-637x/817/2/131
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] Discovery of a wandering radio jet base after a large X-ray flare in the blazar Markarian 421 (2015)
  • Author(s): Niinuma, K., Kino, M., Doi, A., Hada, K., Nagai, H., Koyama, S.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Letters Volume: 807 Issue: 1 Pages: 14-18
  • DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/807/1/l14
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] 230GHz VLBI observations of M87: Event-horizon-scale structure during an enhanced very-high-energy gamma-ray state in 2012 (2015)
  • Author(s): Akiyama, K., Lu, R.-S, Fish, V. L., Doeleman, S. S., Broderick, A. E., Dexter, J., Hada, K. and 41 co-authors
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 807 Issue: 2 Pages: 150-160
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/807/2/150
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] Determination of central engine position and accretion disk structure in NGC4261 by core shift measurements (2015)
  • Author(s): Haga, T., Doi, A., Murata, Y., Sudou, H., Kameno, S., Hada, K.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 807 Issue: 1 Pages: 15-29
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/807/1/15
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] A strong radio brightening at the jet base of M87 during the elevated very-high-energy gamma-ray state in 2012 (2015)
  • Author(s): Hada, K., Giroletti, M., Kino, M., Giovannini, G., D'Ammando, F., Cheung, C. C., Beilicke, M., Nagai, H., Doi, A., Akiyama, K., and 11 coauthors
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium Volume: 313 Issue: S313 Pages: 340-345
  • DOI: 10.1017/s174392131500246x
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Probing Precise Location of Radio Core in TeV Blazar Mrk 501 with VERA at 43 GHz (2015)
  • Author(s): Koyama, Shoko; Kino, Motoki; Doi, Akihiro; Niinuma, Kotaro; Hada, Kazuhiro; Nagai, Hiroshi; Honma, Mareki; Akiyama, Kazunori; Giroletti, Marcello; Giovannini, Gabriele; Orienti, Monica; Isobe, Naoki; Kataoka, Jun; Paneque, David; Kobayashi, Hideyuki; Asada, Keiichi
  • Journal Title: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan Volume: 未定 Issue: 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psu144
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] A strong brightening at the jet base of M87 in the period of the TeV gamma-ray state in 2012 (2015)
  • Author(s): Hada, K., Giroletti, M., Kino, M., Giovannini, G., D'Ammando, F., Cheung, C.C, Beilicke, M., Nagai, H., Doi, A., Akiyama, K., and 11 coauthors
  • Journal Title: 2014 Fermi Symposium proceedings - eConf C14102.1 Volume: -
  • Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] VLBI observations of bright AGN jets with the KVN and VERA Array (KaVA): Evaluation of imaging capability (2015)
  • Author(s): Niinuma, Kotaro; Lee, Sang-Sung; Kino, Motoki; Sohn, Bong Won; Akiyama, Kazunori et al.
  • Journal Title: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 103-118
  • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psu104
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] ソンブレロ銀河中心に潜む巨大ブラックホールの周辺構造 (2015)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Journal Title: 物理科学月刊誌パリティ Volume: 第30巻1号 Pages: 48-49
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Multi-frequency, multi-epoch VLBI observations of the M87 jet (2014)
  • Author(s): Hada, K., Giroletti, M., Giovannini, G., Doi, A., Kino, M., Nagai, H., Honma, M., and Kawaguchi, N.
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium Volume: 304 Issue: S304 Pages: 106-107
  • DOI: 10.1017/s1743921314003482
• [Journal Article] Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations: the closest look at the cores of AGN (2014)
  • Author(s): Giroletti, M., Lico, R., Hada, K., and Giovannini, G.
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium Volume: 304 Issue: S304 Pages: 71-77
  • DOI: 10.1017/s1743921314003378
• [Journal Article] A Strong Radio Brightening at the Jet Base of M 87 during the Elevated Very High Energy Gamma-Ray State in 2012 (2014)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.; Giroletti, M.; Kino, M.; Giovannini, G.; D'Ammando, F.; Cheung, C. C.; Beilicke, M.; Nagai, H.; Doi, A.; Akiyama, K.; Honma, M.; Niinuma, K.; Casadio, C.; Orienti, M.; Krawczynski, H.; Gomez, J. L.; Sawada-Satoh, S.; Koyama, S.; Cesarini, A.; Nakahara, S.; Gurwell, M. A.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 788 Issue: 2 Pages: 165-177
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/788/2/165
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Relativistic Electrons and Magnetic Fields of the M87 Jet on the ~10 Schwarzschild Radii Scale (2014)
  • Author(s): Kino, M., Takahara, F., Hada, K., and Doi, A.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 786 Issue: 1 Pages: 5-12
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/786/1/5
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] Limb-brightened Jet of 3C 84 Revealed by the 43 GHz Very-Long-Baseline-Array Observation (2014)
  • Author(s): Nagai, H.; Haga, T.; Giovannini, G.; Doi, A.; Orienti, M.; D'Ammando, F.; Kino, M.; Nakamura, M.; Asada, K.; Hada, K.; Giroletti, M.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 785 Issue: 1 Pages: 53-58
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/785/1/53
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Presentation] The East Asian VLBI Network (2017)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: Black Hole Astrophysics with VLBI - Past, Present and Future -
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台三鷹（東京都、三鷹市）
  • Year and Date: 2017-03-27
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 高解像度電波観測による活動銀河ジェットの研究 (2017)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会2017春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 九州大学伊都キャンパス（福岡県、福岡市）
  • Year and Date: 2017-03-15
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 高感度VLBI電波観測によるM87ジェットのspine-sheath構造の検出 (2017)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会2017春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 九州大学伊都キャンパス（福岡県、福岡市）
  • Year and Date: 2017-03-15
• [Presentation] An improved view of the M87 jet: radio imaging of the spine-sheath structure (2017)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: Challenges of AGN Jets
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台三鷹（東京都、三鷹市）
  • Year and Date: 2017-01-17
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Millimeter VLBI with ALMA and Its User Support (2016)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: ALMA/45m/ASTE Users Meeting 2016
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台三鷹（東京都、三鷹市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-12-19
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Radio Imaging of M87 at low frequencies (2016)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: EHT Collaboration meeting 2016
  • Place of Presentation: AC Hotel Boston Cambridge (米国、ボストン)
  • Year and Date: 2016-11-29
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Report on EAVN test imaging observations and future prospects (2016)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: The 9th EAVN Workshop
  • Place of Presentation: Forest Moon Hotel (中国、貴陽)
  • Year and Date: 2016-11-07
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] EAVNステータス (2016)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: 第14回水沢VLBI観測所ユーザーズミーティング
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台三鷹（東京都、三鷹市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-10-03
• [Presentation] The Structure and Propagation of the Misaligned Jet M87 (2016)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: Blazars through sharp multi-wavelength eyes
  • Place of Presentation: Hotel Pueblo Camino Real（スペイン、マラガ）
  • Year and Date: 2016-05-30
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] M87 jet imaged at highest sensitivity: an improved view of the transverse structure (2016)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: M87 Workshop
  • Place of Presentation: 台湾中央研究院（台湾、台北）
  • Year and Date: 2016-05-23
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 日韓合同VLBI観測網KaVAによるM87ジェット加速領域の高頻度・高解像度モニター (2016)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 首都大学東京（東京都、八王子市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-03-14
• [Presentation] Imaging the central <10Rs of the M87 nucleus with high-sensitivity 86GHz VLBI (2016)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: ALMA Workshop “Ultra-high-resolution observation with phased-ALMA”
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台三鷹（東京都、三鷹市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-01-13
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] 超高解像度で電波撮像する巨大ブラックホールとジェット (2016)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: ブラックホールジェット小研究会
  • Place of Presentation: 東北大学青葉山キャンパス（宮城県、仙台市）
• [Presentation] KaVA: The KVN and VERA Array (2015)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: IRA colloquium at INAF-IRA
  • Place of Presentation: Institute of Radio Astronomy (イタリア、ボローニャ)
  • Year and Date: 2015-11-23
  • Invited
• [Presentation] VLBIで探る巨大ブラックホールジェット根元観測の最前線 (2015)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: 第30回ブラックホール地平面研究会
  • Place of Presentation: 山口大学（山口県、山口市）
  • Year and Date: 2015-10-10
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Progress report on KaVA M87 monitor project (2015)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: 第１３回水沢VLBI観測所ユーザーズミーティング
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台水沢（岩手県、奥州市）
  • Year and Date: 2015-09-24
• [Presentation] Science cases with mmVLBI (2015)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: 第13回 水沢VLBI観測所ユーザーズミーティング
  • Place of Presentation: 国立天文台水沢（岩手県、奥州市）
  • Year and Date: 2015-09-24
  • Invited
• [Presentation] EVNおよびVLBAを用いたM87ジェットにおける活動的ノットHST-1の長期運動モニター (2015)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会秋季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 甲南大学（兵庫県、神戸市）
  • Year and Date: 2015-09-09
• [Presentation] Imaging the jet base of M87: witnessing the collimation and acceleration site (2015)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: 8th East-Asia VLBI Workshop
  • Place of Presentation: 北海道大学（北海道、札幌市）
  • Year and Date: 2015-07-08
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] VLBI偏波サイエンスの現状と目標 (2015)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: ミリ波VLBIによるブラックホール天文学の野望と展望
  • Place of Presentation: 東洋大学（東京都、文京区）
  • Year and Date: 2015-07-04
  • Invited
• [Presentation] VLBIで探る超巨大ブラックホール探査の最前線 (2015)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘、秋山和徳
  • Organizer: 長野ブラックホール天文教育研究会
  • Place of Presentation: 長野高専（長野県、長野市）
  • Year and Date: 2015-05-30
  • Invited
• [Presentation] VLBA+GBT at 86GHzによるM87ジェット生成領域の高分解能・高解像度イメージング (2015)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: 2015年日本天文学会春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 大阪大学（大阪府）
  • Year and Date: 2015-03-18 – 2015-03-21
• [Presentation] Core-shift observations of M87 jet (2014)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: The International Workshop "Multi-frequency view of AGN core-shift effect"
  • Place of Presentation: Daejeon, Korea
  • Year and Date: 2014-12-18 – 2014-12-19
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Possible interesting targets for core-shift measurements (2014)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: The International Workshop "Multi-frequency view of AGN core-shift effect"
  • Place of Presentation: Daejeon, Korea
  • Year and Date: 2014-12-18 – 2014-12-19
  • Invited
• [Presentation] AGN jet studies with VLBI in the world (2014)
  • Author(s): 秦和弘
  • Organizer: 2014年度VLBI懇談会シンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 国土地理院（茨城県）
  • Year and Date: 2014-10-28 – 2014-10-31
  • Invited
• [Presentation] A strong brightening at the jet base of M87 in the period of the TeV gamma-ray state in 2012 (2014)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: Fifth International Fermi Symposium
  • Place of Presentation: Nagoya, Japan
  • Year and Date: 2014-10-20 – 2014-10-24
• [Presentation] M87 results from ongoing EATING collaboration (2014)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: East Asia to Italy: Nearly Global VLBI
  • Place of Presentation: Bologna, Italy
  • Year and Date: 2014-10-14 – 2014-10-15
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Continuing EVN monitoring of HST-1 in the jet of M87 (2014)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: 12th European VLBI Network Symposium
  • Place of Presentation: Cagliari, Italy
  • Year and Date: 2014-10-07 – 2014-10-10
• [Presentation] A strong brightening at the jet base of M87 during the elevated very-high-energy gamma-ray state in 2012 (2014)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: IAU Symposium 313: Extragalactic jets from every angle
  • Place of Presentation: Puerto Ayora, Ecuador
  • Year and Date: 2014-09-15 – 2014-09-19
• [Presentation] A strong brightening at the jet base of M87 during the elevated very-high-energy gamma-ray state in 2012 (2014)
  • Author(s): Hada, K.
  • Organizer: Bologna High Energy Meeting 2014
  • Place of Presentation: Bologna, Italy
  • Year and Date: 2014-04-08
• [Remarks] 滝脇氏と秦氏が日本天文学会研究奨励賞を受賞
  • URL: http://www.nao.ac.jp/news/topics/2017/20170328-award.html
• [Remarks] 日韓合同電波望遠鏡群で探る巨大ブラックホールジェット ~見えてきた「超光速噴出流」の現場~
  • URL: http://www.miz.nao.ac.jp/content/pr/pr20160312/c01
• [Remarks] NRAO Media Tip Sheet
  • URL: https://public.nrao.edu/news/tip-sheets/2016-feb-tip-sheet
• [Remarks] 活動銀河M87のガンマ線フレア、電波でも増光を観測
  • URL: http://www.astroarts.co.jp/news/2014/09/05m87/index-j.shtml
• [Remarks] 活動銀河M87の高エネルギーガンマ線フレアにともなう電波増光をキャッチ
  • URL: http://veraserver.mtk.nao.ac.jp/hilight/2014_hada.html
• [Remarks] 高エネルギーガンマ線フレアに伴う電波増光を検出…M87で発生
  • URL: http://response.jp/article/2014/09/08/231867.html
• [Remarks] 公益財団法人 井上科学振興財団 平成２６年度（第３１回）井上研究奨励賞
  • URL: http://www.inoue-zaidan.or.jp/f-02.html