ナノリアクター触媒の開発と反応集積化への展開

• Project Area: Organic Synthesis based on Integration of Chemical Reactions. New Methodologies and New Materials
• Project/Area Number: 24106702
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)
• Allocation Type: Single-year Grants
• Review Section: Science and Engineering
• Research Institution: Tohoku University
• Principal Investigator: 浅尾 直樹 東北大学, 原子分子材料科学高等研究機構, 教授 (60241519)
• Project Period (FY): 2012-04-01 – 2014-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2013)
• Budget Amount: ¥6,760,000 (Direct Cost: ¥5,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,560,000); Fiscal Year 2013: ¥3,380,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥780,000); Fiscal Year 2012: ¥3,380,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥780,000)
• Keywords: 多孔質 / 金触媒 / 反応集積化 / 多孔質金 / 触媒

Research Abstract

ナノサイズの細孔を有する多孔質金属材料は、広い表面積と特異な物性を示すことから、様々な分野で注目されている。申請者は24年度の研究から、ナノ多孔質金材料がメタノールを用いたアミンの直接ホルミル化反応において、優れた触媒として機能することを見出した。これは、気相、液相、固相が関与した三相同一時空間反応集積化の例として注目される。そこで25年度は、本材料を用いた末端アルキンへのヒドロシリル化反応に注目し、本材料のナノスケールの細孔という特殊な空間が、反応に及ぼす影響について検討を行った。本反応は、α体、β-(E)体、β-(Z)体という３つの異性体の生成が可能であり、その制御が問題となる。そこで金‐アルミニウムから作成したナノ多孔質金材料を触媒として用いたところ、β-(E)体が高選択的に得られ、他の異性体はほとんど生成しなかった。本触媒はナノ構造を有しているにもかかわらず耐久性に優れ、繰り返し反応を行っても触媒活性や構造に変化は見られなかった。興味深いことに、本反応は金銀合金リボンから作成した多孔質金では触媒活性が大きく低下することが分かった。この両者の活性の違いは、残存するAlまたはAgの影響によると考えられる。そこで次に、三元系合金であるAu-Ag-Al合金リボンを作成し、詳細な検討を行ったところ、微量に存在する銀が反応を阻害していることを明らかにした。これは、昨年度のアミンの直接ホルミル化反応で得られた結果とは異なるものであり、これら金属間のシナジー効果は反応ごとに与える影響が大きく異なることを明らかにした。

Current Status of Research Progress

Reason

25年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

25年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Research Products

• [Journal Article] Fabrication of Pd-Ni-P Metallic Glass Nanoparticles and Their Application as Highly Durable Catalysts in Methanol Electro-oxidation (2014)
  • Author(s): M. Zhao, K. Abe, S. Yamaura, Y. Yamamoto, N. Asao
  • Journal Title: Chem. Mater. Volume: 26 Issue: 2 Pages: 1056-1061
  • DOI: 10.1021/cm403185h
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] The synergistic effect of nanoporous AuPd alloy catalysts on highly chemoselective 1,4-hydrosilylation of conjugated cyclic enones (2014)
  • Author(s): Chen, Q.; Tanaka, S.; Fujita, T.; Chen, L.; Minato, T.; Ishikawa, Y.; Chen, M.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Jin, T.
  • Journal Title: Chem. Commun. Volume: 50 Issue: 25 Pages: 3344-3346
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49524h
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Metal-Catalyzed Annulation Reactions for p-Conjugated Polycycles (2014)
  • Author(s): Jin, T.; Zhao, J.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Journal Title: Chem. Eur. J. Volume: 20 Issue: 13 Pages: 3554-3576
  • DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304640
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Thieno[2,3-a]carbazole-based donorepeacceptor organic dyes for efficient dyesensitized solar cells (2014)
  • Author(s): Zhao, J.; Jin, T.; Islam, A.; Kwon, E.; Akhtaruzzaman, Md.; Asao, N.; Han, L.; Alamry, K. A.; Kosa, S. A.; Asiri, A. M.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Journal Title: Tetrahedron Volume: 印刷中 Issue: 36 Pages: 6211-6216
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.01.001
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Cu-Catalyzed C-H Amination of Hydrofullerenes Leading to 1,4-Difunctionalized Fullerenes (2014)
  • Author(s): Si, W.; Lu, S.; Bao, M.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Jin, T.
  • Journal Title: Org. Lett. Volume: 16 Issue: 2 Pages: 620-623
  • DOI: 10.1021/ol403573r
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Nanoporous gold as an effective catalyst for molecular transformations (2013)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.; Jin, T.
  • Journal Title: Shokubai Volume: 55 Pages: 209-213
  • NAID: 10031188328
• [Journal Article] Remarkable Catalytic Property of Nanoporous Gold on Activation of Diborons for Direct Diboration of Alkynes (2013)
  • Author(s): Qiang Chen, Jian Zhao, Yoshifumi Ishikawa, Naoki Asao, Yoshinori Yamamoto, Tienan Jin
  • Journal Title: Org. Lett. Volume: 15 Issue: 22 Pages: 5766-5769
  • DOI: 10.1021/ol4028013
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Pd-Catalyzed Cascade Crossover Annulation of o-Alkynylarylhalides and Diarylacetylenes Leading to Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes (2013)
  • Author(s): Zhao, J.; Oniwa, K.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Jin, T.
  • Journal Title: J. Am. Chem. Soc. Volume: 135 Issue: 28 Pages: 10222-10225
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja403382d
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Methanol in the Coexistence of Amines by Nanoporous Gold Catalysts: Highly Efficient Synthesis of Formamides (2013)
  • Author(s): Shinya Tanaka, Taketoshi Minato, Eisuke Ito, Masahiko Hara, Yousoo Kim, Yoshinori Yamamoto, Naoki Asao
  • Journal Title: Chem. Eur. J. Volume: 19 Issue: 36 Pages: 11832-11836
  • DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302396
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Photo-response on the desorption of an atomic hydrogen on titanium dioxide surface induced by a tip of scanning tunneling microscope (2013)
  • Author(s): Minato, T.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Kawai, M.; Kim, Y.
  • Journal Title: Chem. Lett. Volume: 42 Issue: 8 Pages: 942-943
  • DOI: 10.1246/cl.130462
  • NAID: 10031189304
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Selective hydrosilylation of alkynes with a nanoporous gold catalyst (2013)
  • Author(s): Yoshifumi Ishikawa, Yoshinori Yamamoto, Naoki Asao
  • Journal Title: Catal. Sci. Technol. Volume: 3 Issue: 11 Pages: 2902-2905
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00242j
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Single crystal biphenyl end-capped furan-incorporated oligomers: influence of unusual packing structure on carrier mobility and luminescence (2013)
  • Author(s): Kazuaki Oniwa, Thangavel Kanagasekaran, Tienan Jin, Md. Akhtaruzzaman, Yoshinori Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Tamura, Ikutaro Hamada, Hidekazu Shimotani, Naoki Asao, Susumu Ikeda, and Katsumi Tanaigaki
  • Journal Title: J. Mater. Chem. C Volume: 1 Issue: 26 Pages: 4163-4170
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3tc30220b
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Theoretical Analysis on the Optoelectronic Properties of Single Crystals of Thiophene-furan-phenylene Co-Oligomers: Efficient Photoluminescence due to Molecular Bending (2013)
  • Author(s): Hiroyuki Tamura, Ikutaro Hamada, Hui Shang, Kazuaki Oniwa, Md. Akhtaruzzaman, Tienan Jin, Naoki Asao, Yoshinori Yamamoto, Thangavel Kanagasekaran, Hidekazu Shimotani, Susumu Ikeda, and Katsumi Tanaigaki
  • Journal Title: J. Phys. Chem. C Volume: 117 Issue: 16 Pages: 8072-8078
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp400646n
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Alkaline peroxide treatment induces acquired unruly hair by apparently affecting distinct macrofibrils (2013)
  • Author(s): Nawa, T.; Kawaguchi, A.; Kitano, H.; Yamamoto, T.; Fujinami, S.; Asao, N.; Nakajima, K.
  • Journal Title: J. Cosmet. Sci. Volume: 64 Pages: 261-271
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Nanorheological Mapping of Rubbers by Atomic Force Microscopy (2013)
  • Author(s): Igarashi, T.; Fujinami, S.; Nishi, T.; Asao, N.; Nakajima, K.
  • Journal Title: Macromolecules Volume: 46 Issue: 5 Pages: 261-271
  • DOI: 10.1021/ma302616a
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Structureeproperty relationship of different electron donors: novel organic sensitizers based on fused dithienothiophene π-conjugated linker for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells (2013)
  • Author(s): Akhtaruzzaman, Md.; Menggenbateer, Islam, A.; El-Shafei, A.; Asao, N.; Jin, T.; Han, L.; Alamry, K. A.; Kosa, S. A.; Asiri, A. M.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Journal Title: Tetrahedron Volume: 69 Issue: 16 Pages: 3444-3450
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.02.058
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Unsupported Nanoporous Gold Catalyst for Highly Selective Hydrogenation of Quinolines (2013)
  • Author(s): Mei Yan, Tienan Jin, Qiang Chen, Hon Eong Ho, Takeshi Fujita, Lu-Yang Chen, Ming Bao, Naoki Asao, Ming-Wei Chen, Yoshinori Yamamoto
  • Journal Title: Organic Letters Volume: 15 Issue: 7 Pages: 1484-1487
  • DOI: 10.1021/ol400229z
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Atomic origin of the high catalytic activity of nanoporous gold (2012)
  • Author(s): Fujita, T.; Guan, P. F.; McKenna, K.; Lang, X. Y.; Hirata, A.; Zhang, L.; Tokunaga, T.; Arai, S.; Yamamoto, Y.; Tanaka, N.; Ishikawa, Y.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Chen, M. W.
  • Journal Title: Nature Materials Volume: 11 Issue: 9 Pages: 775-780
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat3391
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] From molecular catalysts to nanostructured materials skeleton catalysts (2012)
  • Author(s): Naoki Asao, Tienan Jin, Shinya Tanaka, Yoshinori Yamamoto
  • Journal Title: Pure Appl. Chem. Volume: 84 Issue: 8 Pages: 1771-1771
  • DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-11-10-28
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Nanoporous Gold Catalyst for Highly Selective Semihydrogenation of Alkynes: Remarkable Effect of Amine Additives (2012)
  • Author(s): Mei Yan, Tienan Jin, Yoshifumi Ishikawa, Taketoshi Minato, Takeshi Fujita, Lu-Yang Chen, Ming Bao, Naoki Asao, Ming-Wei Chen, Yoshinori Yamamoto
  • Journal Title: J. Am. Chem. Soc. Volume: 134 Issue: 42 Pages: 17536-17542
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja3087592
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Presentation] Fabrication of Pd-Ni-P Metallic Glass Nanoparticles and Their Application to Methanol Electro-oxidation as Highly Durable Catalysts (2014)
  • Author(s): Zhao, M.; Abe, K.; Yamaura, S.; Yamamoto, Y.; Asao, N.
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] パラジウム触媒を用いたオルトアルキニルアリールハライドとジアリールアセチレンの連続的環化反応によるジベンゾペンタレンの構築 (2014)
  • Author(s): 趙 健・男庭 一輝・浅尾 直樹・山本 嘉則・金 鉄男
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] ビチアゾール骨格を有する新規オリゴマー有機半導体の開発 (2014)
  • Author(s): 菊池洋匡・男庭一輝・金鉄男・下谷秀和・谷垣勝己・山本嘉則・浅尾直樹
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] n-型特性の向上を目指した新規ルブレン誘導体の合成と評価 (2014)
  • Author(s): 武藤裕孝・高野与一・男庭一輝・金鉄男・下谷秀和・谷垣勝巳・山本嘉則・浅尾直樹
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] 末端にビフェニ基を有するオリゴセレノフェンの合成と電界効果トランジスタへの応用 (2014)
  • Author(s): 男庭 一輝・金 鉄男・下谷 秀和・谷垣 勝己・浅尾 直樹・山本 嘉則
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] Selective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes Catalyzed by Pd-based Alloy Nanoparticles (2014)
  • Author(s): Yang, L.; Zhao, M.; Asao, N.
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] ナノ多孔質金触媒を用いたアルキンの選択的水素移動部分還元反応 (2014)
  • Author(s): Wagh, Y. S.・浅尾 直樹
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] Pd 系アモルファス合金ナノワイヤー触媒を用いた鈴木カップリング反応 (2014)
  • Author(s): 江村 奈津子・柳沼 晋・中山 幸仁・浅尾 直樹
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] Nanoporous Gold as a Highly Active Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidation of Hydroxylamines into Nitrones (2014)
  • Author(s): Kusuma, I.; Yudha, S.; Asao, N.
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] ブレンステッド酸触媒を用いたアルキニルボロナートの選択的ヒドロホウ素化反応 (2014)
  • Author(s): 何 漢雍・浅尾 直樹・山本 嘉則・金 鉄男
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] NBS を用いたフラーレンモノラジカルの酸化反応による1,4―二置換フラーレン誘導体の選択的合成 (2014)
  • Author(s): 司 偉麗・浅尾 直樹・山本 嘉則・金 鉄男
  • Organizer: 日本化学会第94春季年会
  • Place of Presentation: 名古屋
• [Presentation] Remarkable deuterium isotope effect of deuterofullerene acceptors on organic photovoltaic performances (2014)
  • Author(s): Jin, T.; Lu, S.; Yasuda, T.; Si, W.; Oniwa, K.; Han, L.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Organizer: The AIMR International Symposium 2014
  • Place of Presentation: Sendai
• [Presentation] ナノ多孔質金属材料の開発と触媒機能評価 (2013)
  • Author(s): 浅尾直樹
  • Organizer: 第三回ナノコンポジット材料によるセンサー研究会
  • Place of Presentation: 盛岡
  • Year and Date: 2013-02-01
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Nanoporous Gold as an Effective Catalyst for Selective Molecular Transformations (2013)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.
  • Organizer: Sixth Joint Workshop on Frontier Materials
  • Place of Presentation: Sendai
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Metallic glass nanoparticles as effective catalysts for selective molecular transformations (2013)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.
  • Organizer: AIMR-UCL Workshop
  • Place of Presentation: London, UK
• [Presentation] New Organic Functional Materials for Solar Cells (2013)
  • Author(s): Yamamoto, Y.; Jin, T.; Asao, N.
  • Organizer: 246th American Chemical Society National Meeting & Exposition
  • Place of Presentation: Indianapolis, USA
• [Presentation] Nanoporous gold catalyst for cross-dehydrogenative coupling via C-H bond activation (2013)
  • Author(s): Ho, H. E.; Jin, T.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Organizer: 246th American Chemical Society National Meeting & Exposition
  • Place of Presentation: Indianapolis, USA
• [Presentation] Pd-catalyzed cascade crossover-annulation of o-alkynylarylhalides and diarylacetylenes leading to dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes (2013)
  • Author(s): Jin, T.; Zhao, J.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Organizer: 第60回有機金属化学討論会
  • Place of Presentation: 東京
• [Presentation] Pd-catalyzed cascade crossover-annulation of o-alkynylarylhalides and diarylacetylenes leading to dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes (2013)
  • Author(s): Jin, T.; Zhao, J.; Oniwa, K.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Organizer: The Sixteenth International Symposium on Relations between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis (ISHHC-16)
  • Place of Presentation: Sapporo
• [Presentation] Nanoporous gold catalyst for selective transformation of alkynes (2013)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, Y.; Yan, M.; Jin, T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Asao, N.
  • Organizer: The Sixteenth International Symposium on Relations between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis (ISHHC-16)
  • Place of Presentation: Sapporo
• [Presentation] Cu-catalyzed C-H amination of hydrofullerenes leading to 1,4-difunctionalized fullerenes (2013)
  • Author(s): Si, W.; Lu, S.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Jin, T.
  • Organizer: 10th International Symposium on Carbanion Chemistry (ISCC-10)
  • Place of Presentation: Kyoto
• [Presentation] Cu-catalyzed C-H amination of hydrofullerenes leading to 1,4-difunctionalized fullerenes (2013)
  • Author(s): Jin, T.; Si, W.; Lu, S.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Organizer: The Eighth International Symposium on Integrated Synthesis (ISIS-8)
  • Place of Presentation: Nara
• [Presentation] Direct N-Formylation of Amines with Methanol by Nanoporous Gold Catalyst (2013)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.; Tanaka, S.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Organizer: The Eighth International Symposium on Integrated Synthesis (ISIS-8)
  • Place of Presentation: Nara
• [Presentation] ナノポーラス金触媒を用いたC-H結合活性化による脱水素化クロスカップリング (2013)
  • Author(s): 何 漢雍、金 鉄男、浅尾 直樹、山本 嘉則
  • Organizer: 第24回 万有仙台シンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 仙台
• [Presentation] Nanoporous metal-catalyzed Hydrosilylation of alkyne (2013)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, Y.; Yamamoto, Y.; Asao, N.
  • Organizer: International Symposium for the 70th Anniversary of the Tohoku Branch Chemical Society of Japan
  • Place of Presentation: Sendai
• [Presentation] Nanoporous gold catalyst for highly efficient diborylation of alkyne (2013)
  • Author(s): Chen, Q.; Asao N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Jin, T.
  • Organizer: International Symposium for the 70th Anniversary of the Tohoku Branch Chemical Society of Japan
  • Place of Presentation: Sendai
• [Presentation] Fabrication of Metallic Glass Nanoparticles and Their Application to Methanol Electro-oxidation as Highly Durable Catalysts (2013)
  • Author(s): Zhao, M.; Abe, K.; Yamaura, S.; Asao, N.
  • Organizer: International Symposium for the 70th Anniversary of the Tohoku Branch Chemical Society of Japan
  • Place of Presentation: Sendai
• [Presentation] Nanoporous GoldCatalyst for Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction viaC-H bond Activation (2013)
  • Author(s): Ho, H. E.; Jin, T.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Organizer: International Symposium for the 70th Anniversary of the Tohoku Branch Chemical Society of Japan
  • Place of Presentation: Sendai
• [Presentation] Copper-Catalyzed Amination of Hydrofullerenes via C-H Functionalization (2013)
  • Author(s): Si, W.; Lu, S.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Jin, T.
  • Organizer: International Symposium for the 70th Anniversary of the Tohoku Branch Chemical Society of Japan
  • Place of Presentation: Sendai
• [Presentation] Facile access to soluble Pt-Au porous nanoparticles and its extension to high performance electrocatalyst (2012)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.
  • Organizer: Fifth Joint Workshop on Frontier Materials (FRONTIER 2012)
  • Place of Presentation: Rennes, France
  • Year and Date: 2012-12-02
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Nanoporous Gold as a Nanostructured Skeleton Catalyst for Molecular Transformations (2012)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.
  • Organizer: The Twelfth International Kyoto Conference on New Aspect of Organic Chemistry (IKCOC-12)
  • Place of Presentation: Kyoto
  • Year and Date: 2012-11-12
• [Presentation] Nanoporous Gold as a Skeleton Catalyst for Molecular Transformations (2012)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.; Tanaka, S.; Minato, T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Chen, M.; Zhang, W.; Inoue, A.
  • Organizer: The 3rd Advanced Materials Development and Integration of Novel Structured Metallic and Inorganic Materials (AMDI3)
  • Place of Presentation: Toyohashi
  • Year and Date: 2012-11-05
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Nanoporous Gold as a Skeleton Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols (2012)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.
  • Organizer: 1st International Conference on Emerging Advanced Nanomaterials (ICEAN)
  • Place of Presentation: Brisbane, Australia
  • Year and Date: 2012-10-22
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols with Nanoporous Gold Catalyst (2012)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.
  • Organizer: 17th Malaysian Chemical Congress (17MCC)
  • Place of Presentation: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Year and Date: 2012-10-15
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Nanostructured Materials as Skeleton Catalysts for Molecular Transformations (2012)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.
  • Organizer: International Scientific Forum of Young Scientists of Asian-Pacific Region
  • Place of Presentation: Vladivostok, Russia
  • Year and Date: 2012-05-14
  • Invited
• [Book] Gold Catalysis: An Homogeneous Approach (2014)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.; Hatakeyama, N.; Yamamoto, Y.
  • Publisher: Imperial College Press
• [Book] Transition-Metal-Mediated Aromatic Ring Construction (2013)
  • Author(s): Asao, N.; Ishikawa, Y.
  • Total Pages: 830
  • Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.