ネアンデルタールのライフステージと栄養生態：サピエンスとの学習能力差の基盤の解明

• Project Area: Replacement of Neanderthals by Homo sapiens: testing evolutionary models of learning
• Project/Area Number: 25101701
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)
• Allocation Type: Single-year Grants
• Review Section: Humanities and Social Sciences
• Research Institution: Hokkaido University
• Principal Investigator: 山内 太郎 北海道大学, 保健科学研究院, 教授 (70345049)
• Project Period (FY): 2013-04-01 – 2015-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2014)
• Budget Amount: ¥3,900,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥900,000); Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥450,000); Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥450,000)
• Keywords: ネアンデルタール / ホモサピエンス / ライフヒストリー / 成長パターン / 栄養生態

Outline of Annual Research Achievements

1. 現代の狩猟採集民に関する定量データ収集：
昨年度に続き、ピグミー系狩猟採集民の子どものライフスタイルと健康にかんするフィールド調査を行った。森林キャンプにおける子どもの食物獲得活動に焦点を当てて、時間・量・栄養素（エネルギーとたんぱく質）の分析を行った。先行研究で言われてきた以上に、子どもたちは狩猟活動に長時間従事していたが、体格が完成途上であることと技術が乏しいため、栄養学的な貢献は小さいことが明らかとなった。さらに、乳児と養育者（母親、父親、祖父母、兄姉、その他の子ども、その他の成人）の育児活動についてチェックリストを用いた詳細な観察を行った。母親以外の育児協働者は、乳児1人1日あたり平均15.8人であり、大人・子ども、性別、親族関係を越えて多様であった。子どもの育児参加がみられ、とくに年長女子が育児活動に大きく貢献していた。

2. ネアンデルタールの栄養生態とライフヒストリーに関する仮説の構築：
昨年度に提唱したネアンデルタールの身体成長のライフヒストリー仮説に脳の成熟の視点を加えて仮説を補強した。サピエンスの脳の成長（神経細胞の髄鞘化）は従来の予想よりもずっと遅く、20代中盤であることから、思春期の特徴（刺激、新奇性、リスク、仲間、社会的報酬に強く惹かれるといった思春期の特徴や思春期の問題行動はサピエンスに特徴的であり、ネアンデルタールには存在しなかった（弱かった）可能性が考えられる。同時にネアンデルタールは脳の柔軟性に乏しく、創造性も弱かったかもしれない。ネアンデルタールの1日のエネルギーバランスおよびロコモーション（歩行）のエネルギー効率について推論した。

Research Progress Status

26年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

26年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Research Products

• [Journal Article] Factors associated with nutritional status in children aged 5-24 months in Cameroon (2015)
  • Author(s): Nagahori C, Tchuani JP, Yamauchi T
  • Journal Title: Nursing and Health Sciences Volume: in press Issue: 2 Pages: 229-235
  • DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12176
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Flow experience during attentional training improves cognitive functions in patients with traumatic brain injury: An exploratory case study (2015)
  • Author(s): Yoshida K, Sawamura D, Ogawa K, Ikoma K, Asakawa K, Yamauchi T, Sakai S
  • Journal Title: Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy Volume: in press Issue: 2 Pages: 81-87
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.hkjot.2015.01.001
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Nutritional status and physical fitness of Pygmy hunter-gatherers living in the African rainforests (2014)
  • Author(s): Yamauchi T, Sato H, Kawamura K
  • Journal Title: African Study Monographs Volume: 47 Suppl. Pages: 25-34
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] A controlled foraging trip in a communal forest of southeastern Cameroon (2014)
  • Author(s): Sato H, Hayashi K, Inai H, Yamaguchi R, Kawamura K, Yamauchi T
  • Journal Title: African Study Monographs Volume: 47 Suppl. Pages: 5-24
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Blood pressure of Baka Pygmies living in southeastern Cameroon (2014)
  • Author(s): Kawamura K, Yamauchi T , Hayashi K, Sato H
  • Journal Title: African Study Monographs Volume: 47 Suppl. Pages: 35-44
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] The demographic characteristics and nutritional status for a hunter-gatherer society with social transitions in southeastern Cameroon (2014)
  • Author(s): Hagino I, Sato H, Yamauchi T
  • Journal Title: African Study Monographs Volume: 47 Suppl. Pages: 45-57
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Presentation] ネアンデルタールのライフステージと栄養生態 ― 現代の狩猟採集民のフィールド調査とネアンデルタールのエネルギー適応戦略仮説 (2015)
  • Author(s): 山内太郎・萩野泉・伊藤早織
  • Organizer: 交替劇プロジェクト第10回研究大会
  • Place of Presentation: 高知会館、高知
  • Year and Date: 2015-03-07 – 2015-03-08
• [Presentation] Child Undernutrition and Associated Factors in The Republic of Cameroon (2015)
  • Author(s): Nagahori C, Tchuani J P and Yamauchi T
  • Organizer: 1st International Conference on Nursing
  • Place of Presentation: Malang, Indonesia
  • Year and Date: 2015-02-28 – 2015-03-01
• [Presentation] Global health field research: bottom-up approach in developing countries (2015)
  • Author(s): Yamauchi T
  • Organizer: International Symposium on Modern Health Sciences
  • Place of Presentation: Kaohsiung, Taiwan
  • Year and Date: 2015-02-26
  • Invited
• [Presentation] ネアンデルタール人の成長・発達と栄養生態 (2015)
  • Author(s): 山内太郎
  • Organizer: 公開講演会「ネアンデルタール人の絶滅の謎に迫る」
  • Place of Presentation: 東京大学、東京
  • Year and Date: 2015-02-07
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Fertility and population dynamics of Baka hunter-gatherers in southeast Cameroon (2014)
  • Author(s): Hagino I and Yamauchi T
  • Organizer: 2nd International Conference Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning
  • Place of Presentation: Cultural Center, Date
  • Year and Date: 2014-11-30 – 2014-12-06
• [Presentation] Evolution of Learning Capacity and Acquired Behaviors of Modern Humans From the Perspective of Life History and Brain Development (2014)
  • Author(s): Yamauchi T
  • Organizer: 2nd International Conference Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning
  • Place of Presentation: Cultural Center, Date
  • Year and Date: 2014-11-30 – 2014-12-06
• [Presentation] アフリカ熱帯雨林に居住するピグミー系狩猟採集民における乳幼児の健康と育児 (2014)
  • Author(s): 伊藤早織・山内太郎
  • Organizer: 第29回日本国際保健医療学会
  • Place of Presentation: 東京
  • Year and Date: 2014-11-01 – 2014-11-03
• [Presentation] カメルーン熱帯雨林狩猟採集民Bakaの子どもにおける時間利用と食物獲得 (2014)
  • Author(s): 萩野泉・山内太郎
  • Organizer: 第29回日本国際保健医療学会
  • Place of Presentation: 東京
  • Year and Date: 2014-11-01 – 2014-11-03
• [Presentation] Fieldwork in small societies: adaptation of local population to the living environment (2014)
  • Author(s): Yamauchi T
  • Organizer: Special lecture of China Medical University
  • Place of Presentation: Shenyang, China
  • Year and Date: 2014-09-25
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Growth status and anthropometric characteristics of Baka Pygmies in southeast Cameroon (2014)
  • Author(s): Hagino I, Hayashi K, Yamauchi T
  • Organizer: XIII International Congress of Human Growth and Clinical Auxology
  • Place of Presentation: Maribor, Slovenia
  • Year and Date: 2014-09-17 – 2014-09-20
• [Presentation] Assessing the impact of improved sanitation on health and QOL (2014)
  • Author(s): Yamauchi T
  • Organizer: Africa Water Forum 2014
  • Place of Presentation: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
  • Year and Date: 2014-06-12 – 2014-06-14
  • Invited
• [Presentation] カメルーン南東部のBakaピグミーにおける出生力と時代変化 (2014)
  • Author(s): 萩野泉・山内太郎
  • Organizer: 第51回日本アフリカ学会
  • Place of Presentation: 京都大学，京都
  • Year and Date: 2014-05-23 – 2014-05-25
• [Presentation] The transition of demographic characteristics and nutritional status for hunter-gatherer society in southeast Cameroon (2014)
  • Author(s): Hagino I, K Hayashi, K Kawamura, H Sato and T Yamauchi
  • Organizer: 2nd International Conference on Nutrition and Growth
  • Place of Presentation: Centre Convencions Internacional Barcelona (CCIB), Barcelona, Spain
• [Presentation] Research methods and case studies in Health and Human Ecology (2013)
  • Author(s): Yamauchi T
  • Organizer: Invited lecture exchange and scientific meeting: The role of rehabilitation on improving health and quality of life
  • Place of Presentation: Deponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
  • Invited
• [Presentation] カメルーン共和国南東部における狩猟採集民Bakaの人口構造と出生力 (2013)
  • Author(s): 萩野泉・山内太郎
  • Organizer: 第28回国際保健医療学会
  • Place of Presentation: 名桜大学，名護市
• [Presentation] Human ecological fieldwork: methods and case studies (2013)
  • Author(s): Yamauchi T
  • Organizer: Invited lecture for graduate school students, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University
  • Place of Presentation: Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Nutritional status of rural children in sub-Saharan Africa: Secular changes in child growth in Southern Province, Zambia (2013)
  • Author(s): Yamauchi T, A Mitsunaga, H. Kubo, C. Umetsu
  • Organizer: 4th Lusaka Resilience Workshop: "Towards Comprehensive Food Security: Bridging Climate Resilience and Disaster Resilience"
  • Place of Presentation: Golfview Hotel, Lusaka, Zambia
• [Book] Dynamics of Social-ecological Systems: The Case of Farmers’ Food Security in Semi-Arid Tropics,” in Shoko Sakai and Chieko Umetsu eds., Social-Ecological Systems in Transition (2014)
  • Author(s): Chieko Umetsu, Thamana Lekprichakul, Takeshi Sakurai, Taro Yamauchi, Yudai Ishimoto, Hidetoshi Miyazaki
  • Total Pages: 194
  • Publisher: Springer
• [Book] Estimation of the period of childhood and child growth characteristics of Pygmy hunter-gatherers in southeast Cameroon. In Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans, Vol. 2 Cognitive and Physical Perspectives (2014)
  • Author(s): Yamauchi T, Hagino I
  • Total Pages: 243
  • Publisher: Springer
• [Book] Daily physical activity and time-space using of Pygmy hunter-gatherers' children in southeast Cameroon. In Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans, Vol. 2 Cognitive and Physical Perspectives (2014)
  • Author(s): Hagino I, Yamauchi T
  • Total Pages: 243
  • Publisher: Springer