地震波で診る地殻流体

2013 Fiscal Year Annual Research Report

• Project Area: Geofluids: Nature and dynamics of fluids in subduction zones
• Project/Area Number: 21109002
• Research Institution: Tohoku University
• Principal Investigator: 松澤 暢 東北大学, 理学(系)研究科(研究院), 教授 (20190449)
• Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha): 加藤 愛太郎 東京大学, 地震研究所, 准教授 (20359201) ; 岡田 知己 東北大学, 理学(系)研究科(研究院), 准教授 (30281968) ; 中島 淳一 東北大学, 理学(系)研究科(研究院), 准教授 (30361067) ; 山本 希 東北大学, 理学(系)研究科(研究院), 助教 (30400229) ; 石川 正弘 横浜国立大学, 環境情報研究科(研究院), 教授 (70232270) ; 小菅 正裕 弘前大学, 理工学研究科, 准教授 (90142835) ; 高橋 努 独立行政法人海洋研究開発機構, 地球内部ダイナミクス領域, 研究員 (90435842)
• Project Period (FY): 2009-07-23 – 2014-03-31
• Keywords: 地殻流体 / 地震発生過程 / マグマ発生過程

Research Abstract

沈み込む太平洋スラブ内の深さ155kmで発生する地震クラスターの解析を行い，1km程度の深さ範囲で応力場が逆転していることを明らかにした．東北地方太平洋沖地震後に活発化した地震クラスターの解析から，スラブ内地震でも震源の移動が見られることを明らかにした．東北地方の地震波減衰構造の推定を行い，マントルウエッジには斜めの高減衰域が存在すること，下部地殻では火山群の直下で特に減衰が大きいことなどを見出した．秋田県森吉山付近において実施している臨時地震観測データを解析し，誘発地震の震源のマイグレーションが流体圧の拡散によって解釈できることを示した．東北地方太平洋沖地震以後活発化した八甲田山・蔵王山などにおける長周期地震の観測・解析を行い，これらの現象が地殻内の既存破砕帯における固液相互作用によって引き起こされていることを明かにした．
西南日本におけるS波減衰構造を多重散乱による見かけ減衰を補正した上で推定し，火山地域の高減衰や，沈み込むフィリピン海プレートの海洋地殻付近のやや強い減衰を明らかにした．水を含むランダム媒質中の内部減衰の理論モデルを用いることで，フィリピン海プレートの海洋地殻付近の内部減衰の周波数依存性が概ね説明できる可能性を示した．
ピストンシリンダー型高圧発生装置を用いて，地殻に相当する高圧条件下での弾性波速度測定を行う技術を改良することにより，従来課題とされてきた高温高圧条件下での含水岩石の弾性波速度測定に道が開けた．
東北地方太平洋沖地震のような大規模な海溝型巨大地震の発生前後において，周辺のアスペリティにおける固着に伴う応力場が，周辺の浅部ゆっくり地震の活動に大きな影響を及ぼしていることが数値シミュレーションから明らかとなった．その変動は，海溝型巨大地震震源域の真上に設置された海底圧力計でも捉えられる可能性があることも示した．

Current Status of Research Progress

Reason

25年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

25年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Research Products

• [Journal Article] Distribution and migration of aftershocks of the 2010 Mw 7.4 Ogasawara Islands intraplate normal-faulting earthquake related to a fracture zone in the Pacific plate (2014)
  • Author(s): Obana K., T.Takahashi, T.No, Y.Kaiho, S.Kodaira, M.Yamashita, T.Sato and T.Nakamura
  • Journal Title: Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. Volume: (accepted (currently online only))
  • DOI: 10.1002/2014GC005246
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Evolution of late Cenozoic magmatism and the crust-mantle structure in the NE Japan Arc (2014)
  • Author(s): Yoshida, T, J. Kimura, R. Yamada, V. Acocella, H. Sato, D. Zhao, J. Nakajima, A. Hasegawa, T. Okada, S. Honda, M. Ishikawa, O.D.A. Prima, T. Kudo, B. Shibazaki, A. Tanaka, and T. Imaizumi
  • Journal Title: Geol. Soc. London, Special Pub. Volume: 385 Pages: 335-387
  • DOI: 10.1144/SP385.15
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Intraplate earthquakes induced by reactivation of buried ancient rift system along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea (2014)
  • Author(s): Kato, A.
  • Journal Title: in "Intraplate Earthquakes", edited by P. Talwani,Cambridge University Press Volume: - Pages: -
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Supercooled melt inclusions in lower-crustal granulites as a consequence of rapid exhumation by channel flow Gondwana Res. (2014)
  • Author(s): Hiroi, Y., A. Yanagi, M. Kato, T. Kobayashi, B. Prame, T. Hokada, M. Satish-Kumar, M. Ishikawa, T. Adachi, Y. Osanai, Y. Motoyoshi, and K. Shiraishi
  • Journal Title: Gondwana Res. Volume: 25 Pages: 226-234
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.04.001
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Aftershocks of the December 7, 2012 intraplate doublet near the Japan Trench axis (2014)
  • Author(s): Obana K., S. Kodaira, Y. Nakamura, T. Sato, G. Fujie, T. Takahashi, and Y. Yamamoto
  • Journal Title: Earth Planets Space Volume: - Pages: -
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Seismological evidence of mantle flow driving plate motions at a palaeo-spreading centre (2014)
  • Author(s): Kodaira, S., G. Fujie, M. Yamashita, T. Sato, T. Takahashi, and N. Takahashi
  • Journal Title: Nature Geoscience Volume: - Pages: -
  • DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2121
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Seismicity and structural heterogeneities around the western Nankai Trough subduction zone, southwestern Japan (2014)
  • Author(s): Yamamoto Y., K. Obana, T. Takahashi, A. Nakanishi, S. Kodaira, and Y. Kaneda
  • Journal Title: Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. Volume: - Pages: -
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.006
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Diverse magmatic effects of subducting a hot slab in SW Japan: Results from forward modeling (2014)
  • Author(s): Kimura, J. Gill, T. Kunikiyo, I. Osaka, Y. Shimoshioiri, M. Kakasuke, S. Kakubuchi, T. Nagao, K. Furuyama, A. Kamei, H. Kawabata, J. Nakajima, P.E. van Keken, and R.J. Stern
  • Journal Title: Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. Volume: 15 Pages: 691-739
  • DOI: 10.1002/2013GC005132
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Seismic attenuation beneath Kanto, Japan: Evidence for high attenuation in the serpentinized subducting mantle (2014)
  • Author(s): Nakajima, J.
  • Journal Title: Earth Planets Space Volume: 66 Pages: -
  • DOI: 10.1186/1880-5981-66-12
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Complex slab structure and arc magmatism beneath the Japanese Islands (2013)
  • Author(s): Hasegawa, A., J.Nakajima, T.Yanada, N.Uchida, T.Okada, D.Zhao, T.Matsuzawa, N.Umino
  • Journal Title: J. Asian Earth Sci. Volume: 78 Pages: 277-290
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.12.031
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] The 3-D distribution of random velocity inhomogeneities in southwestern Japan and the western part of the Nankai subduction zone (2013)
  • Author(s): Takahashi, T., K.Obana, Y.Yamamoto, A.Nakanishi, S.Kodaira, and Y.Kaneda
  • Journal Title: J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth Volume: 118 Pages: 2246-2257
  • DOI: 10.1002/jgrb.50200
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Seismic evidence for high pore pressure in the oceanic crust: Implications for fluid-related embrittlement (2013)
  • Author(s): Shiina T., J. Nakajima, and T. Matsuzawa
  • Journal Title: Geophys. Res. Lett. Volume: 40 Pages: 2006-2010
  • DOI: 10.1002/grl.50468
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Pre- and post-seismic slow slip surrounding the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake rupture (2013)
  • Author(s): Uchida, N., and T. Matsuzawa
  • Journal Title: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. Volume: 374 Pages: 81-91
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.021
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] The detectability of shallow slow earthquakes by the Dense Oceanfloor Network system for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) in Tonankai district, Japan (2013)
  • Author(s): Ariyoshi, K., R. Nakata, T. Matsuzawa, R. Hino, T. Hori, A. Hasegawa, and Y. Kaneda
  • Journal Title: Mar. Geophys. Res. Volume: Special Issue Pages: 1-16
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11001-013-9192-6
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Seismic attenuation beneath northeastern Japan: Constraints on mantle dynamics and arc magmatism (2013)
  • Author(s): Nakajima, J., S. Hada, E. Hayami, N. Uchida, A. Hasegawa, S. Yoshioka, T. Matsuzawa, and N. Umino
  • Journal Title: J. Geophys. Res. Volume: 118 Pages: 5838-5855
  • DOI: 10.1002/2013JB010388
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Spatial variations in 3He/4He ratios along a high strain rate zone, central Japan, (2013)
  • Author(s): Umeda, K., Kusano, T., A. Ninomiya, K. Asamori, and J. Nakajima,
  • Journal Title: J. Asian Earth Sci. Volume: 73 Pages: 95-102
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.04.016
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Thermal-petrological controls on the location of earthquakes within subducting plates (2013)
  • Author(s): Abers, G.A., J. Nakajima, P.E. van Keken, S.. Kita, and B.R. Hacker
  • Journal Title: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. Volume: 369-370 Pages: 178-187
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.03.022
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Intermediate-depth earthquakes facilitated by eclogitization-related stresses (2013)
  • Author(s): Nakajima, J., N. Uchida, T. Shiina, A. Hasegawa, B.R. Hacker, and S.H. Kirby
  • Journal Title: Geology Volume: 41 Pages: 659-662
  • DOI: 10.1130/G33796.1
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] An intraslab seismic sequence activated by the Tohoku-oki earthquake: Evidence for fluid-related embrittlement (2013)
  • Author(s): Nakajima, J., K. Yoshida, and A. Hasegawa
  • Journal Title: J. Geophys. Res. Volume: 118 Pages: 3492-3505
  • DOI: 10.1002/jgrb.50246
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Two-dimensional thermal modeling of subduction of the Philippine Sea plate beneath southwest Japan (2013)
  • Author(s): Yoshioka, S., Y. Suminokura, T. Matsumoto, and J. Nakajima
  • Journal Title: Tectonophysics Volume: 608 Pages: 1094-1108
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.07.003
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] 東京直下に沈み込む２枚のプレートと首都圏下の特異な地震活動 (2013)
  • Author(s): 長谷川昭・中島淳一・内田直希・海野徳仁
  • Journal Title: 地学雑誌 Volume: 122 Pages: 398-417
  • DOI: 10.5026/jgeography.122.398
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Late Neoproterozoic extensional detachment in eastern Sor Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica : implications for the collapse of the East African Antarctic Orogen (2013)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M., T. Kawakami, M. Satish-Kumar, G. H. Grantham, Y. Hokazono, M. Saso, and N. Tsuchiya
  • Journal Title: Precambrian Res. Volume: 234 Pages: 247-256
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.precamres.2013.04.015
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Late-Tonian to early-Cryogenian apparent depositional ages for metacarbonate rocks from the Sor Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica (2013)
  • Author(s): Otsuji, N., M. Satish-Kumar, A. Kamei, N. Tsuchiya, T. Kawakami, M. Ishikawa, and G.H. Grantham
  • Journal Title: Precambrian Res. Volume: 234 Pages: 257-278
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.precamres.2012.10.016
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Sinistral transpressional and extensional tectonics in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, including the Sor Rondane Mountains (2013)
  • Author(s): Toyoshima, T., Y. Osanai, S. Baba, T. Hokada, N. Nakano, T. Adachi, M. Otsubo, M. Ishikawa, and Y. Nogi
  • Journal Title: Precambrian Res. Volume: 234 Pages: 30-46
  • DOI: doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.010
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Chlorine-rich fluid or melt activity during granulite facies metamorphism in the Late Proterozoic to Cambrian continental collision zone - an example from the Sor Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica (2013)
  • Author(s): Higashino, F., T. Kawakami, M. Satish-Kumar, M. Ishikawa, K. Maki, N. Tsuchiya, G. Grantham, and T. Hirata
  • Journal Title: Precambrian Res. Volume: 234 Pages: 229-246
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.precamres.2012.10.006
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Comparison of the metamorphic history of the Monapo Complex, northern Mozambique and Balchenfjella and Austhameren areas, Sor Rondane, Antarctica: Implications for the Kuunga Orogeny and the amalgamation of N and S. Gondwana (2013)
  • Author(s): Grantham, G.H., P.H. Maceyb, K. Horie, T. Kawakami, M. Ishikawa, M. Satish-Kumar, N. Tsuchiya, P. Graserh, and S. Azevedo
  • Journal Title: Precambrian Res. Volume: 234 Pages: 85-135
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.precamres.2012.11.012
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Presentation] Quartzofeldspathic lower crust and orthopyroxenitic uppermost mantle of Kitakami Belt, Japan:Structural and petrological evidence for slab melting and melt/mantle reaction (2014)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M., M. Matsubara, T. Takeda, and N. Tsuchiya
  • Organizer: Geofluid 3: Nature and Dynamics of fluids in Subduction Zones
  • Place of Presentation: 東京工業大学デジタル多目的ホール，東京
  • Year and Date: 20140228-20140303
  • Invited
• [Presentation] A trial estimation of seismic coupling and crustal deformation by focusing on shallow slow earthquakes (2014)
  • Author(s): Ariyoshi, K., T. Matsuzawa, R. Hino, A. Hasegawa, T. Hori, R. Nakata, Y. Kaneda
  • Organizer: Geofluid 3: Nature and Dynamics of fluids in Subduction Zones
  • Place of Presentation: 東京工業大学デジタル多目的ホール，東京
  • Year and Date: 20140228-20140303
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Seismic activity near the Moriyoshi-zan volcano in the Akita prefecture, northeastern Japan: Implications for geofluid migration and a midcrustal geofluid reservoir (2014)
  • Author(s): Kosuga, M.
  • Organizer: Geofluid 3: Nature and Dynamics of fluids in Subduction Zones
  • Place of Presentation: 東京工業大学デジタル多目的ホール，東京
  • Year and Date: 20140228-20140303
  • Invited
• [Presentation] S-wave attenuation structure on the western side of Nankai subduction zone: Implications for geofluid distribution and dynamics (2014)
  • Author(s): Takahashi, T., K. Obana, Y. Yamamoto, A. Nakanishi, S. Kodaira, and Y. Kaneda
  • Organizer: Geofluid 3: Nature and Dynamics of fluids in Subduction Zones, Tokyo
  • Place of Presentation: 東京工業大学デジタル多目的ホール，東京
  • Year and Date: 20140228-20140303
• [Presentation] A variety and interplay of slip behaviors along plate interface before and after the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake (2013)
  • Author(s): Kato, A, and K. Obara
  • Organizer: 2013 AGU Fall Meeting
  • Place of Presentation: Moscone Center, San Francisco
  • Year and Date: 20131209-20131213
  • Invited
• [Presentation] The detectability of slow earthquakes in shallower part of subduction zone around Tonankai earthquake by the Dense Oceanfloor Network system for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) (2013)
  • Author(s): Ariyoshi, K., R. Nakata, T. Hori, Y. Kaneda, T. Matsuzawa, R. Hino, and A. Hasegawa
  • Organizer: 2013 AGU Fall Meeting
  • Place of Presentation: Moscone Center, San Francisco
  • Year and Date: 20131209-20131213
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Response of seismicity to static and dynamic stress changes induced by the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake (2013)
  • Author(s): Kato, A., J. Fukuda and K. Obara,
  • Organizer: 2013 AGU Fall Meeting
  • Place of Presentation: Moscone Center, San Francisco
  • Year and Date: 20131209-20131213
• [Presentation] 首都圏の地殻構造の岩石学的イメージングに向けて (2013)
  • Author(s): 石川正弘・中川茂樹・酒井慎一・平田直・佐藤比呂志・笠原敬司
  • Organizer: 日本地質学会関東支部 伊豆衝突帯地質研究サミット
  • Place of Presentation: 横浜国立大学教育文化ホール，横浜
  • Year and Date: 20131123-20131124
• [Presentation] What occurred in the Japan trench region before and after the Tohoku-oki earthquake?: Seismological aspects (2013)
  • Author(s): Matsuzawa, T.
  • Organizer: 2nd G-EVER International Symposium and the 1st IUGS & SCJ International Workshop on Natural Hazards
  • Place of Presentation: 仙台市情報・産業プラザ，仙台
  • Year and Date: 20131019-20131020
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 地震発生と流体 (2013)
  • Author(s): 加藤愛太郎
  • Organizer: 2013年度火山性流体討論会+地殻流体スクール
  • Place of Presentation: 水海道あすなろの里，常総
  • Year and Date: 20131008-20131010
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 東北地方の三次元P波減衰構造と島弧マグマ活動 (2013)
  • Author(s): 中島淳一・羽田周平・速水絵里圭・内田直希・長谷川昭・吉岡祥一・松澤暢・海野徳仁
  • Organizer: 日本地震学会2013年秋季大会
  • Place of Presentation: 神奈川県民ホール, 横浜
  • Year and Date: 20131007-20131009
• [Presentation] Reversible Jump MCMCを用いたランダム速度不均質構造の推定 (2013)
  • Author(s): 高橋努・尾鼻浩一郎・山本揚二朗・海宝由佳・仲西理子・小平秀一・金田義行
  • Organizer: 日本地震学会2013年度秋季大会
  • Place of Presentation: 神奈川県民ホール, 横浜
  • Year and Date: 20131007-20131009
• [Presentation] 2007年能登半島地震発生後の余震域の拡大 (2013)
  • Author(s): 加藤愛太郎・小原一成
  • Organizer: 日本地震学会2013年秋季大会
  • Place of Presentation: 神奈川県民ホール, 横浜
  • Year and Date: 20131007-20131009
• [Presentation] 秋田県森吉山周辺で発生している誘発地震の震源のマイグレーション (2013)
  • Author(s): 小菅正裕
  • Organizer: 日本地震学会2013年度秋季大会
  • Place of Presentation: 神奈川県民ホール, 横浜
  • Year and Date: 20131007-20131009
• [Presentation] 八甲田山における長周期地震：活動様式と発生機構 (2013)
  • Author(s): 山本 希
  • Organizer: 日本火山学会2013年秋期大会
  • Place of Presentation: 猪苗代町体験交流館「学びいな」，猪苗代
  • Year and Date: 20130929-20131001
• [Presentation] 2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震後の地殻活動について (2013)
  • Author(s): 松澤暢
  • Organizer: 日本地質学会第120年学術大会
  • Place of Presentation: 東北大学川内北キャンパス，仙台
  • Year and Date: 20130914-20130916
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 伊豆小笠原弧北部の地殻構成 (2013)
  • Author(s): 石川正弘・芥川靖之・勝根郷・堤大輔
  • Organizer: 日本地質学会第120年学術大会
  • Place of Presentation: 東北大学川内北キャンパス，仙台
  • Year and Date: 20130914-20130916
• [Presentation] Temporal change of volcanic fluid system beneath Aso volcano, Japan as inferred from seismological observations (2013)
  • Author(s): Yamamoto, M., T. Ohkura, S. Kaneshima, and H. Kawakatsu
  • Organizer: 8th International workshop on Volcanic lakes
  • Place of Presentation: 熊本
  • Year and Date: 20130724-20130731
• [Presentation] Seismic activity near the Moriyoshi-zan volcano in Akita Prefecture, northeastern Japan, possibly driven by geofluid (2013)
  • Author(s): Kosuga, M., and K. Masukawa
  • Organizer: Joint Assembly of IAHS, IAPSO, and IASPEI: Knowledge for the future
  • Place of Presentation: Gothenburg Convention Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  • Year and Date: 20130722-20130726
• [Presentation] 2011 年東北地方太平洋沖地震後の見かけの地震活動静穏化 (2013)
  • Author(s): 加藤愛太郎・福田淳一・小原一成
  • Organizer: 日本地球惑星科学連合2013年大会
  • Place of Presentation: 幕張メッセ，千葉
  • Year and Date: 20130520-20130524
• [Presentation] 東北沖地震後の内陸誘発地震の地震活動と地殻構造 (2013)
  • Author(s): 岡田知己・高木涼太・吉田圭佑・米川真紀・山村卓也・長谷川昭・東北地方太平洋沖地震合同余震観測グループ
  • Organizer: 日本地球惑星科学連合2013年大会
  • Place of Presentation: 幕張メッセ，千葉
  • Year and Date: 20130520-20130524
• [Presentation] 稍深発地震：地殻流体と差応力 (2013)
  • Author(s): 中島淳一・吉田圭佑・長谷川昭
  • Organizer: 日本地球惑星科学連合2013年大会
  • Place of Presentation: 幕張メッセ，千葉
  • Year and Date: 20130520-20130524
• [Presentation] 有限長流体亀裂振動に関する一考察 (2013)
  • Author(s): 山本 希
  • Organizer: 日本地球惑星科学連合2013年大会
  • Place of Presentation: 幕張メッセ，千葉
  • Year and Date: 20130520-20130524
• [Presentation] 南海トラフ西部地震発生帯におけるランダム速度不均質構造 (2013)
  • Author(s): 高橋努・尾鼻浩一郎・山本揚二朗・海宝由佳・仲西理子・小平秀一・金田義行
  • Organizer: 日本地球惑星科学連合2013年大会
  • Place of Presentation: 幕張メッセ，千葉
  • Year and Date: 20130520-20130524
• [Presentation] S-wave attenuation structure around the western part of Nankai subduction zone (2013)
  • Author(s): 高橋努・尾鼻浩一郎・山本揚二朗・仲西理子・小平秀一・金田義行
  • Organizer: 日本地球惑星科学連合2013年大会
  • Place of Presentation: 幕張メッセ，千葉
  • Year and Date: 20130520-20130524
• [Presentation] Possible pathway of geofluid suggested by deep low-frequency earthquakes, scattered phase, and migration of earthquakes (2013)
  • Author(s): Kosuga, M., and K. Masukawa
  • Organizer: 日本地球惑星科学連合2013年大会
  • Place of Presentation: 幕張メッセ，千葉
  • Year and Date: 20130520-20130524
• [Remarks] 研究概要_A01-1 地震波で診る地殻流体
  • URL: http://www.geofluids.titech.ac.jp/a01_1.html
• [Remarks] 地殻流体 Newsletter VOL.9&10
  • URL: http://www.geofluids.titech.ac.jp/Geofluid_vol.9&10/index.html