| Research Abstract |
The genetic relationships of 51 Asian and European dog breeds or populations were studied by using the protein polymorphisms deteted by electrophoretic and chemical analysis. Blood samples taken from 3766 dogs including 12 Japanes, one Korean, three of China origin, Eskimo and 15 European breeds, three Russian breeds, one Taiwanese and a Bangladesh populations and a North Sakhalin. Protein polymorphisms were observed in 16 loci : Es, Lap, Akp, Hb, Es-2, Es-3, Pac, GPI, To, Gmo, Pa-1, Alb, Poa, Poa-3, Ptf and Tf. A scatter diaram of the 51 breed or populations on the basis of the principal pomponent analysis elucidates the existence of three close relationships among the Ryukyu dog and Hokkaido dogs, and among the Korean native breed (the Jindo) and a population (the Chejudo), the native Japanese breeds in Honshu such as San'in Shiba and Mikawa. There were two gene flows in dogs into Japan. The first was from the Southeast Asia through the Ryukyu islands. The second was from the Korean Peninsula to the Japanese islands except Hokkaido and Ryukyu islands. A distinct difference in hemoglobin A (Hb^A) and ganglioside monooxygenase (Gmo^g) frequency between the Hokkaido (Ainu) dog and the North Sakhalin native dog, suggesting no gene flow in dogs occurred from Sakhalin into Hokkaido. The native dog breeds of Central Eurasia (Caucasian, Middle-Asian Sheepdog and the Laika) have a middle position between East Asian and European dog breed groups.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns of chicken red cells were employed for clarify the phylogenetic relationships among Japanese native fowl breeds with emphasis on the Chabo (the Japan Bsantam). Japanese native fowl breeds were divided into two clusters : (1) the Chabos except the Goishi (mottled) and Shokoku (the Long Saddle), (2) the Goishi Chabo, the Koshamo (the Japanese Game Bantam), the Totenko (the Long Crower), the Tomaru (the Black Long Crower) and the Onagadori (the Japanese Long Tailed).
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