• Search Research Projects
  • Search Researchers
  • How to Use
  1. Back to project page

1996 Fiscal Year Final Research Report Summary

Roles of Hydrothermal Processes in Biological Evolution

Research Project

Project/Area Number 07041081
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
SectionField Research
Research InstitutionTohoku University

Principal Investigator

OHMOTO Hiroshi  Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Professor, 大学院・理学研究科, 教授 (60194304)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) ONO Shuhei  The Pennsylvania State University, USA, 地球科学科, 助手
MOCK Robin L  The Pennsylvania State University, USA, 地球科学科, 助手
YAMAGUCHI Kosei  The Pennsylvania State University, USA, 地球科学科, 助手
KUMP Lee R  The Pennsylvania State University, USA, 地球科学科, 教授
OCHIAI Ei-ichiro  Juniata College, USA, 化学科, 教授
MINTER W.E.L  University of Cape Town, South Africa, 地質学科, 教授
BARNES Hubert L  The Pennsylvania State University, USA, 鉱床学研究所, 教授
NEDACHI Munetomo  Kagoshima University, 教養部, 教授 (10107849)
KAKEGAWA Takeshi  Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 大学院・理学研究科, 助手 (60250669)
HAYASHI Ken-ichiro  Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 大学院・理学研究科, 助教授 (40124614)
Project Period (FY) 1995 – 1996
Keywordsbiological evolution / early Earth / environmental change / atmospheric evolution / Precambrian / Cambrian / submarine hydrothermal process / phosphate flux
Research Abstract

The main objective of this research project was to understand the causes for major biological events in the early Earth, especially the first appearances of eukaryotes around 2 billion years ago and of large marine fauna around 550 million years ago. This objective was mostly pursued from systematic geochemical investigations of organic matter, minerals and rocks in about 1000 rock specimens that were collected during our field surveys in 4 areas : (A) the southern Ontario district, Canada (2.8-1.8 Ga sequence), (B) the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada (570-520 Ma sequence), (C) the Normandy district, France (600-500Ma sequence), and (D) the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa (3.0-2.0 Ga sequence).
Our investigations have resulted in the following major findings :
(1). According to a currently popular theory, the first major division of biological species (Eukaryotes, Bacteria, and Eubacteria) were caused by a dramatic rise of the atmosphericO_2 around 2.0 billion years ago. However, we … More have discovered various lines of geochemical evidence suggesting that the major division of biological species and the development of an oxic atmosphere had already taken place by 3.0 billion years ago.
(2). "The great biological explosion" of around 550 million years ago was probably caused by the global changes in the ocean water chemistry (e.g., an increase in the phosphate flux) and climate.
(3). The major changes in the ocean water chemistyr that affected the biological activity in ocean through geologic time were probably caused by the changes in the geographical configuration of continents (e.g., breaking of super continents) and in submarine hydrothermal activity in mid ocean ridges. These changes were in turn caused by changes in the convective patterns in the mantle.
Some of the results from our investigations have already been presented at national and international scientific meetings (about 25 presentations). Five papers have been published (or in press) in major international journals, and about 20 more papers related to this project are in preparation. Less

  • Research Products

    (30 results)

All Other

All Publications (30 results)

  • [Publications] Ohmoto,H.: "Evidence in pre-2.2 Ga palesols for the early evolution of atmospheric oxygen and terrestrial biota" Geology. 24. 1135-1138 (1996)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Naraoka,H.,Ohtake,M.,Maruyama,S.,and Ohmoto,H.: "Non-biogenic graphite in 3.8-Ga metamorphic rocks from the Isua distric,Greenland" Chemical Geology. 133. 251-260 (1996)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Ohmoto,H.: "Formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits : The Kuroko perspective" Ore Geology Reviews. 10. 135-177 (1996)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Hayashi.,K.and Ohmoto,H.: "Oxygen isotope study of metamorphosed manganese deposits of the Noda-Tamagawa mine,northeast Japan" J.Min.Pet.Econ.Geol.91. 408-418 (1996)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Watanabe,Y.,Naraoka,H.,Wronkiewicz,D.J.,Condie,K.C.,and Ohmoto,H.: "Carbon,Nitrogen,and Sulfur Geochemistry of Archean and Proterozoic Shales from the Kaapvaal Craton,South Africa" Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta. (in press).

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Hayashi.,K.,Fujisawa,H.,Holland,H.D.and Ohmoto,H.: "Geochemistry of 〜1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador,Canada" Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta. (in press).

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Ohmoto,H.,Hayashi,K.,Kassai,N.,and Hanamuro,T.: "Behavior of elements during diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration of shales : I.Fe.Si,Al,Ti,and alkali elements" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 257 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Hayashi,K.,Watanabe,Y.,Manaka,M.,and Ohmoto,H.: "Behavior of elements during diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration of shales : H.Uranium" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 257 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Watanabe,Y.,Liu.,Y.,Naraoka,H.,and Ohmoto,H.: "Behavior of elements during diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration of shales : HI.C,N,S,and P" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 258 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Kakegawa,T.,Haruna,M.,Hayashi,K.,and Ohmoto,H.: "Behavior of elements during diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration of shales : IV.Formational mechanism of pyrite nodules" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 258 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Ohmoto,H.: "Genetic relationships between black shales and submarine hydrothermal ore deposits" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 259 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Kakegawa,T.,and Ohmoto,H.: "〜3.4 Ga Biogenic pyrites and 〜3.1 Ga hydrothermal pyrites at the Princeton gold mine,Barberton,South Africa" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 253 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Liu,Y.,Hayashi,K.,and Ohmoto,H.: "Carbon isotopic composition of kerogens in the Marra Mamba Iron Formation from the Hamersley Basin,Western Australia" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 253 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Kumazawa,K.,Sato,H.,Kakegawa,T.,Hayashi.,K.,and Ohmoto,H.: "Formational processes of dolomites in the Wittenoon Formation,the Hamersley district,Western Australia and the suface environment 2.6 billion year ago" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 254 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Ohmoto,H.: "Sulfur and Carbon isotopes : in Barnes,H.L.ed.Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits,III." John Willey & Sons,New York. (in press),

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
  • [Publications] Ohmoto, H.: "Evidence in pre-2.2 Ga paleosols for the early evolution of atmospheric oxygen and terrestrial biota" Geology. 24. 1135-1138 (1996)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Naraoka, H., Ohtake, M., Maruyama, S., and Ohmoto, H.: "Non-biogenic graphite in 3.8 Ga metamorphic rocks from the Isua district, Greenland" Chemical Geology. 133. 251-260 (1996)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Ohmoto, H.: "Formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits : The Kuroko perspective" Ore Geology Reviews. 10. 135-177 (1996)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Hayashi, K.and Ohmoto, H.: "Oxygen isotope study of metamorphosed manganese deposits of the Noda-Tamagawa mine, northeast Japan" J.Min.Pet.Econ.Geol.91. 408-418 (1996)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Watanabe.Y., Naraoka, H., Wronkiewicz, D.J., Condie, K.C., and Ohmoto, H.: "Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Geochemistry of Archean and Proterozoic Shales from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa" Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta. (in press).

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Hayashi, K., Fujisawa, H., Holland, H.D., and Ohmoto, H.: "Geochemistry of -1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada" Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta. (in press).

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Ohmoto, H., Hayashi, K., Kassai, N., and Hanamuro, T.: "Behavior of elements during diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration of shales : I.Fe, Si, Al, Ti, and alkali elements" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 257 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Hayashi, K., Watanabe, Y., Manaka, M., and Ohmoto, H.: "Behavior of elements during diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration of shales : II.Uranium" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 257 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Watanabe, Y., Liu, Y., Naraoka, H., and Ohmoto, H.: "Behavior of elements during diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration of shales : III.C,N,S,and P" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 258 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Kakegawa, T., Haruna, M., Hayashi, K., and Ohmoto, H.: "Behavior of elements during diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration of shales : IV.Formational mechanisms of pyrite nodules" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 258 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Ohmoto, H.: "Genetic relationships between black shales and submarine hydrothermal ore deposits" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 258 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Kakegawa, T.and Ohmoto, H.: "-3.4 Ga Biogenic pyrites and -3.1 Ga hydrothermal pyrites at the Princeton gold mine, Barberton, South Africa" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 259 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Liu, Y., Hayashi., K., and Ohmoto, H.: "Carbon isotopic composition of kerogens in the Marra Mamba Iron Formation from the Hamersley Basin, Western Australia" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 253 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Kumazawa, K., Sato, H., Kakegawa, T., Hayashi, K., and Ohmoto, H.: "Formational processes of dolomites in the Wittenoon Formation, the Hamersley district, Western Australia and the surface environment 2.6 billion year ago" J.of the Soc.of Resource Geol.45. 254 (1995)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
  • [Publications] Ohmoto, H.: John Welley & Sons, New York.Sulfur and Carbon isotopes : in Barnes, H.L.ed.Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, III., (1996)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より

URL: 

Published: 1999-03-09  

Information User Guide FAQ News Terms of Use Attribution of KAKENHI

Powered by NII kakenhi