アポプラストのダイナミズム

1995 Fiscal Year Annual Research Report

• Project/Area Number: 07304054
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Co-operative Research (A)
• Research Institution: Hiroshima University
• Principal Investigator: 桜井 直樹 広島大学, 総合科学部, 教授 (90136010)
• Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha): 渡辺 昭 東京大学, 大学院・理系, 教授 (70023471) ; 間藤 徹 京都大学, 農学部, 助教授 (50157393) ; 三村 徹郎 一橋大学, 商学部, 助教授 (20174120) ; 佐藤 忍 筑波大学, 生物科学, 講師 (70196236) ; 和田 正三 東京都立大学, 理学部, 教授 (60011681)
• Keywords: アポプラスト / 細胞壁 / 物質輸送 / セルロースの生合成 / グルカナーゼ / シリカ / 微小管 / 実動変異

Research Abstract

平成7年度の実績は以下の4点にまとめられる。
(1)アポプラストの主要成分である細胞壁主要骨格をなすセルロースの合成について、オオムギ突然変異の原形質膜タンパクを、水性2層分配法により精製し、2次元電気泳動により分析し、そのパターンを解析し、正常型との間に大きな量的違いのあるタンパク質を5種類確認した。この結果これらのタンパク質を単離し、アミノ酸配列を同定し、遺伝子をクローニングできる道が開けた。
(2)細胞壁の多糖類修飾酵素として、オオムギではβ-1、3-グルカナーゼ、アズキではβ-1、4-グルカナーゼ、またはキシログルカン合成酵素について詳しく調べられ、基質特異性、酵素の分布、遺伝子発現のタイミングなどが、生化学的、分子遺伝学的手法を用いて解明された。
(3)道管を流れる液をカボチャから集め、これまで存在が確認されなかった多糖類、タンパク質、シリカなどが同定された。今後はこれらの物質の生理学的効果についての研究が望まれる。
(4)アポプラストの物質の輸送を可視化するための新型顕微鏡の制作がほぼ完成した。
(5)根の分泌多糖類が土壌微生物の生育を促進すること、および、アルミニウムを結合し、その毒性を軽減させている新知見が発見された。
(6)植物ホルモンの1種ブラシのステロイドが、アポプラス内のスクロースを、液胞膜に存在するATPaseの活性を促進させて液胞内に取り込んでいることが分かった。

Research Products

• [Publications] 桜井直樹: "オーキシンの生合成とその調節" 植物の化学調節. 30. 121-125 (1995)
• [Publications] 桜井直樹: "サイトカイニンの生合成とその調節" 植物の化学調節. 30. 125-128 (1995)
• [Publications] 桜井直樹: "植物組織・細胞の力学物性" 日本バイオレオロジー学会誌. 9. 102-110 (1995)
• [Publications] 桜井直樹: "植物には血管があるか" 化学と生物. 34. 24-33 (1995)
• [Publications] Kojima, K. and N. Sakurai: "IAA distribution in etiolated spears of asparagus" Hort Science. 29. 822 (1995)
• [Publications] Yeo, U-D., W-Y. Soh, H. Tasaka, N. Sakurai, S. Kuraishi and K. Takeda: "Cell wall polysaccharides of callus and suspension cultured cells from three cellulose-less mutants of barley(Hordeum vulgare L)" Plant Cell Physiology. 36. 931-936 (1995)
• [Publications] Kagawa, T. and M. Wada: "Polarized light induces nuclear migration in prothallial cells of Adiantum capillus-veneris L" Planta. 196. 775-780 (1995)
• [Publications] Wunsch, C. and M. Wada: "Formation of novel endoplasmic and cortical microtubular arrays in Adiantum protonemal cells induced by blue light irradiation and acropetal centrifugation." J. Plant Research. 108. 343-350 (1995)
• [Publications] Kadota, A. and M. Wada: "Cytoskeletal aspect of nuclear migration during tip growth in the fern Adiantum protonemal cell." Protoplasma. 188. 170-179 (1995)
• [Publications] Wada, M.: "Nuclear behavior during branch formation in a centrigued Adiantum protonema and the nuclear polalrity." J. Plant Research. 108. 501-509 (1995)
• [Publications] Kagawa, T. and M. Wada: "Phytochrome-and blue light-absorbing pigment mediated directional movement of chloroplasts in dark-adapted prothallial cells of ferm Adiantum as analyzed by microbeam irradiation." Planta. 198. 488-493 (1996)
• [Publications] Mimura T., Sakano K. and Shimmen T: "Studies on distribution, re-translocation and homeostasis of inorganic phosphate in barley leaves." Plant Cell & Environment. (in press). (1996)
• [Publications] Yokota E., Mimura T. and Shimmen T.: "Biochemical immunochemical and immunohisto chemical identification of myosin heavy chains in cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus." Plant & Cell Physiology. 36. 1541-1547 (1995)
• [Publications] Okihara K., Mimura T., Kiyota S. and Skano K.: "Furosemide: a specific inhibition of Pi trasnport across the plasma membrane of plant cells." Plant & Cell Physiology. 36. 53-58 (1995)
• [Publications] Shimmen T., Hamatani M., Saito S., Yokota E., Mimura T., Fusetani N. and Karaki H.: "Roles of actin filaments in cytoplasmic streaming and organization of transvacuolar strands in root hair cells of Hydrocharis." Protoplasma. 185. 188-193 (1995)
• [Publications] Sakano K., Yazaki, Y., Okihara K., Mimura T. and Kiyota, S.: "Lack of control in inorganic phosphate uptake by Catharanthus roseus(L. )G. Don cells." Plant Physiology. 108. 295-302 (1995)
• [Publications] Mimura T.: "Homeostasis and transport of inorganic phosphate in plants." Plant & Cell Physiology. 36. 1-7 (1995)
• [Publications] Mimura T.: "Physiological characteristic and regulaion mechanisms of the H+ pumps in the plasma membrane and tonoplast of Characean cells." Journal of Plant Research. 108. 249-256 (1995)
• [Publications] Hoson, T., Kamisaka, S., Yamamoto, R., Yamashita, M. and Masuda, Y.,: "Automorphosis of maize shoots under simulated microgravity on a three-dimensional clinostat." Physiol. Plant.93. 346-351 (1995)
• [Publications] Hoson, T. and Masuda, Y.: "Concanavalin A inhibits auxin-induced elongation and breakdown of(1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucans in segments of rice coleoptiles." Plant & Cell Physiol.36. 517-523 (1995)
• [Publications] Hoson, T., Wakabayashi, K. and Masuda, Y.: "Inhibition of breakdown of xyloglucans in azuki bean epicotyls by concanavalin A." Plant & Cell Physiol.36. 897-902 (1995)
• [Publications] Kawamura, Y., Hoson, T., Kamisaka, S., and Yamamoto, R.: "Formulation of pre-extension in a practical stress-relaxation measurement of the plant cell wall." Biorheology. 32. 611-620 (1995)
• [Publications] Hoson, T., Tabuchi, A. and Masuda, Y.: "Mechanism of xyloglucan breakdown in cell walls of azuki bean epicotyls." J. Plant Physiol.147. 219-224 (1995)
• [Publications] Hoson, T., Kamisaka, S., Buchen, B., Sievers, A., Yamashita, M. and Masuda, Y.: "Possible use of 3-D clinostat to analyze plant growth processes under microgravity conditions." Adv. Space Res.17. 47-53 (1996)
• [Publications] Parvez, M. M., Wakabayashi, K., Hoson, T., Kamisaka, S.,: "Changes in cellular osmotic potential and mechanical properties of cell walls during light-induced inhibition of cell elongation in maize coleoptiles." Physiol. Plant.(in press). (1996)
• [Publications] Hoson, T., Nishitani, K., Mivamoto, K., Ueda, J., Kamisaka, S., Yamamoto, R. and Masuda, Y.: "Effects of hypergravity on growth and cell wall properties of cress hypocotyls" J. Expt. Bot.(in press). (1996)
• [Publications] Hoson, T., Kamisaka, S., and Masuda, Y.: "Suppression of gravitropic respones of primary roots by submergence." Planta. (in press). (1996)
• [Publications] M. Kobayashi, T. Matoh and J. Azuma: "Two Chains of Rhamnogalacturonan II are Cross linked by Borate-Diol EsterBonds in Higher Plant Cell Walls" Plant Physiology. 110(in press). (1996)
• [Publications] T. Matoh, S. Kawaguchi and Kobayashi: "Ubiquity of a Borate-Rhamnogalacturonan II M. Complex in Cell Walls of Higher Plants" Plant & Cell Physiology. 38(in press). (1996)
• [Publications] Satoh, S., T. Nojiri and Y. Gotoh: "An Extracellular Insoluble Protein in Cultures and Seeds of Carrot" Plant & Cell Physiology. 36. 313-320 (1995)
• [Publications] Kikuchi, A., S. Satoh, N. Nakayama and T. Fujii: "Differences in pectic polysaccharides between carrot embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli" Plant Cell Reports. 14. 279-284 (1995)
• [Publications] 西谷和彦: "細胞壁の構築と植物の生長" 細胞工学別冊. (1995)
• [Publications] Nishitani, K.: "Endo-xyloglucan transferase, a new class of transferase involved in cell wall construction." J. Plant Research. 108. 137-148 (1995)
• [Publications] Nakamura, S., H, Mori, Sakai and T. Hayashi: "Cloning and sequencing of cDNA for poplar F. endo-1,4-β-glucanase." Plant & Cell Physiol.36. 1229-1235 (1995)
• [Publications] Takeda, T., Y. Mitsuishi, F Sakai and T. Hayashi: "Characterization of xyloglucan endotransglycosylation." Wood Research. 82. 14-16 (1995)
• [Publications] Ohmiya, Y., S. Nakamura, F. Sakai and T. Hayashi: "Purification and properties of wall-bound endo-1,4-β-glucanase from suspension-cultured poplar cells." Plant Cell Physiol.36. 607-614 (1995)
• [Publications] 三村徹郎: "「サイエンスミニマム 10講」" 培風館(一橋大学理科教育研究会), 30 (1996)
• [Publications] 三村徹郎: "マングローブ林の維持・再生のための培養細胞系開発" 地球環境研究(印刷中), (1996)