地球大気系の放射と雲・降水場に係わる大規模構造の研究

1998 Fiscal Year Annual Research Report

• Project/Area Number: 08241104
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (A)
• Research Institution: The University of Tokyo
• Principal Investigator: 中島 映至 東京大学, 気候システム研究センター (60124608)
• Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha): 早坂 忠裕 東北大学, 理学部, 助教授 (40202262) ; 中村 尚 東京大学, 大学院・理学研究科, 助手 (10251406) ; 中村 健治 名古屋大学, 大気水圏科学研究所, 教授 (20262917) ; 高村 民雄 千葉大学, 環境リモートセンシング研究センター, 教授 (40272356) ; 井上 豊志郎 気象研究所, 台風研究部, 主任研究官
• Keywords: 地球大気 / 水蒸気 / 雲 / 降水 / エアロゾル / 大気放射 / 大循環 / リモートセンシング

Research Abstract

3年間を終了し、当初期待していた以上の成果が得られた。
(1) エアロゾルに関して世界的にも誇れるアルゴリズムと成果物を得ることができた。エアロゾルの粒径に関する全球分布を世界に初めて求め、中緯度の工業起源エアロゾルの詳細な分布と、生物燃焼起源エアロゾルのトロピカルベルトの発見を行った。
(2) 雲に関して世界的にも誇れるアルゴリズムと成果物を得ることができた。雲の微物理量に関する全球分布を求め、大陸付近で低層雲の有効粒径が小さくなっている状況を詳細に調べることができた。このような解析は世界に他1例しかない。
(3) (1)と(2)の研究を通して、世界で初めて雲-エアロゾル相互作用の強さの全球平均値を求めることができた。これはアジア域における放射エネルギー場や温暖化過程におけるエアロゾル効果をモデル化するために役立つ。
(4) GMSを利用した大気上下端における放射収支量の導出を行った。1時間ごとのGMSデータ処理と雲アルゴリズムの改良によって、ISCCP(国際衛星雲気候計画)成果物よりも良い成果物を作ることができた。
(5) エネルギーフロー、特に非断熱エネルギーフローと大気構造との関係について理解を深めた。例えば、NCEP客観解析データとERBE放射収支計データから得られるエネルギー輸送量は、80年代のものより良くなっているが、海洋への放射強制などを正しく評価できるレベルではないことが分かった。また中緯度冬の長周期擾乱と短周期擾乱によるエネルギー輸送が相補的な長期変動をしていることを見いだした。
(6) 衛星データの取得や整備が進んだ。GMS、AVHRR、SSM/Iの十年程度の時系列を大気研究に必要な形式で整備し、多人数がネットワーク上で使えるように東京大学気候システム研究センターと千葉大学環境リモートセンシングセンターで整備した。
(7) これらの研究を通して将来を担うための有望な若手研究者を養成できた。

Research Products

• [Publications] Nakajima,T.,A.Higurashi,et al.: "Early phase analysis of OCTS radiance data for aerosol remote sensing,IEEE Trans." Geosci.Remote Sensing. (accepted). (1998)
• [Publications] Kondratyev,K.Ya.,T.Nakajima et al.: "Priorities of global change and the development of remote sensing in Japan." Int.J.Remote.Sens.19. 1259-1282 (1998)
• [Publications] Nakajima,T.A.Higurashi: "A use of two-channel radiances for an aerosol characterization from space." Geophys.Res.Lett. 25. 3815-3818 (1998)
• [Publications] Fukushima,H.,A.Higurashi,et al.: "Correction of atmospheric effect on ADEOS/OCTS ocean color data: Algorithm description and evaluation of its performance," J.Oceanogr. (in press).
• [Publications] Nakajima,T.Y.,T.Nakajima,et al.: "Optimization of the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite II Global Imager Channels by use of radiative transfer calculations." Appl.Opt. 37. 3149-3163 (1998)
• [Publications] Kokhanovsky,A.A.,T.Nakajima,E.P.Zege: "Physically based parameterizations of short-wave radiative characteristics of weakly absorbing media: application to liquid-water clouds." Appl.Opt. 37. 3691-3698 (1998)
• [Publications] Kaufman,Y.J.,D.TanrH.R.Gordon,T.Nakajima,et al.: "Passive remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol and atmospheric correction for the aerosol effect." J.Geophys.Res.,. 102. 16815-16830 (1997)
• [Publications] Higurashi,A.,T.Nakajima: "Development of a Two Channel Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm on Global Scale Using NOAA/AVHRR." J.Atmos.Sci. (in press). (1998)
• [Publications] Nakajima,T.,Y.Awaya,M.Kishino et al.: "The current status of the ADEOS-II/GLI mission." Advanced and Next-Generation Satellites II,. 2957. 2957 (1998)
• [Publications] Nakajima,T.,A.Higurashi: "AVHRR remote sensing of aerosol optical properties in the Persian Gulf region,the summer 1991." J.Geophys.Res.,. 102. 16935-16946 (1997)
• [Publications] Nakajima,T.,T.Hayasaka,et al.: "Aerosol optical properties of Persian Gulf region Part I. Ground-based solar radiation measurements in Iran." J.Appl.Meteor.35. 1265-1278 (1996)
• [Publications] Chevert,P.,H.saka,T.Nakajima,: "Influence of crystal shapes on radiative fluxes in visible wavelength:ice crystals randomly oriented in space." Annalae Geophysicae. 14. 837-844 (1996)
• [Publications] Wendisch,M.,S.Mertes.A.Ruggaber,T.Nakajima: "Vertical profiles of aerosol and radiation under cloudless conditions:Measurements and radiative transfer calculations." J.Appl.Meteor,. 35. 1703-1715 (1995)
• [Publications] Nakajima,T.,G.onna,et al.: "Use of sky brightness measurements from ground for remote sensing of particulate polydispersions." App.Opt. 35. 2672-2686 (1996)
• [Publications] M.Kuji,T.Hayasaka,N.Kikuchi,et al.: "The retrieval of effective particle radius and liquid water path of low-level marine clouds from NOAA AVHRR data" J.Appl.Meteor. (submitted). (1998)
• [Publications] T Y.Nakajima,T.Nakajima,M.Nakajima,et al.: "The optimization of the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite II Global Imager channels by use of radiative transfer calculations," Appl.Opt.37. 3149-3163 (1998)
• [Publications] Higurashi,A.,T.Nakajima,: "A Global characterization of aerosols with a two channel remote sensing." J.Clim.(Submitted). (1998)
• [Publications] Higurashi,A.,T.Nakajima,: "Synthesis of radiative fields in an atmosphere-ocean system." PORSEC BOOK-II. (in press). (1998)
• [Publications] S.Mukai,I.Sano.T.Takashima,: "Investigation of atmospheric aerosols based on polarization measurements and scattering simulations." Optical Review,. 3,No.6B. 487-491 (1998)
• [Publications] S.Mukai,ISano,T.Takashima K.Masuda: "Validation of Atmospheric Correction Algorithms based on Multi-sensor data," Adv.Space Res. 19. 1371-1374 (1997)
• [Publications] I.Sano,S.Mukai.T.Takashima,: "Multispectral Polarization Measurements of Atmospheric Aerosols." Adv.Space Res.19. 1379-1382 (1997)
• [Publications] S.Mukai,I.Sano,T.Takashima.K.Masuda,: "Aerosol Correction for Ocean Color Analysis based on Polarization Simulations" IRS'96 : Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiations,. 631-634 (1997)
• [Publications] I.Sano,S.Mukai.T.Takashima,: "Multispectral Measurements of Atmospheric Aerosols." IRS'96 : Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiations,. 453-456 (1997)
• [Publications] I.Sano,S.MukaiT.Takashima: "Polarimetric properties of atmospheric aerosols." SPIE,3121. 361-369 (1997)
• [Publications] Higurashi,A.,: "A study of aerosol properties on global scale using satellite remote sensing." University of Tokyo,Ph.D.thesis.(1998)
• [Publications] Higurashi,A.,T.Nakajima,: "An analysis of radiative fields in a coupled atmosphere-ocean system." IRS ヤ96: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation. 1067. 553-556 (1997)
• [Publications] Higurashi,A.,T.Nakjima,: "Global Determination of Aerosol Optical Properties using NOAA/AVHRR." Proc.IGAC sumposium,Nagoya,Japan. Nov.11-13. 367-370 (1997)
• [Publications] Nakajima,T.,A.Higurashi,: "On the information content of soil-derived aerosols in satellite and ground-based sky radiance measurements." Proc.Alfred-Wegener Conference : Sediment and aerosol,Leipzig,Germany,10-12 March,. (1997)
• [Publications] S.Mukai,I.Sano,Y.Sasano,et al.: "M.Suzuki and T.Yokota,1996 : Optical Properties of Stratospheric Aerosols." Adv.Space Res.17. 67-70 (1996)
• [Publications] I.Sano,S.Mukai,T.akashima Y.Yamaguchi,: "Retrieval Algorithms for Photopolarimetric Properties of Aerosols." Adv.Space Res.17. 63-66 (1996)
• [Publications] S.Mukai,I.Sano.A.Toigo,: "Removal of Scattered Light in the Earth Atmosphere." Earth.Planets and Space(EPS),. 50. 595-601 (1998)
• [Publications] I.Sano,S.Mukai.T.Takashima: "Aerosol distribution based on polarization-and radiance-measurements by ADEOS/POLDER." SPIE,. 3439. 462-469 (1998)
• [Publications] S.Mukai and I.Sano: "Algorithms for Aerosol Retrieval based on Scattering Calculations." Computers and Mathematics with Applications. (in press). (1998)
• [Publications] I.Sano,S.Mukai,M.Yasumoto et al.: "Interpretation of Ground-based Measurements of Atmospheric Aerosols." Proc.IEEE IGARSS '97. 9-11 (1997)
• [Publications] S.Mukai,I.Sano.K.Masuda: "Algorithms for Atmospheric Correction for Ocean Color Data." Proc.IEEE IGARSS '97. 1896-1898 (1997)
• [Publications] 佐野 到,向井 苑生,保本 正芳,前田 雅紀: "大気エアロゾルの多波長偏光観測," 近畿大学理工学部研究報告. 32. 219-223 (1996)
• [Publications] 佐野 到,向井 苑生: "POLDERデータを用いたエアロゾル特性の導出 1.データの切り出しからフレーム画像表示まで," 日本リモートセンシング学会誌. 17. 155-160 (1997)
• [Publications] 向井 苑生,佐野 到,高島 勉,増田一彦: "POLDERデータを用いたエアロゾル特性の導出 2.OCTSデータとの複合利用," 日本リモートセンシング学会誌. 17. 47-52 (1997)
• [Publications] S.Mukai,I.Sano.T.Takashima,: "Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance (POLDER) has Succeded in Detecting Aerosols." Geocarto Int.,. 12no.4. 51-52 (1997)
• [Publications] S.Mukai and I.Sano: "Atmospheric Correction algorithms for ADEOS/OCTS." Science and Technology,Kinki University Research Institute for Science and Technology,. 10. 1-7 (1998)
• [Publications] H.Okamoto,Y.Sasano,S.Mukai,et al.: "ADEOS/ILAS Aerosol Retriaval Algorithm with 5 Channels." Adv.Space Res. 21. 443-446 (1998)
• [Publications] I.Sano.S.Mukai,: "Polarimetric Properties of Aerosol Particles." Earth,Planets and Space (EPS).50. 513-519 (1998)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.,: "Air-sea interacions over the Arabian Sea during Indian summer monsoon" 9th Conference on Interaction of Sea and Atomospere,Phoenix,. January 1998. (1998)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.and Mano.Y: "Retrieval of cirrus cloud properties from split window and 6.7μm measurements(I')" Proceedings of the Seventh Atomothpheric Radiation Measurement(ARM) Science Team Meeting,DOE,. 385-388 (1997)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.,: "Day-to-night cloudiness change of cloud types inferred from split winfow measurements aboard NOAA polar-orbiting satellites." J.Meteor.Soc.Japan.75,. 59-66 (1997)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.,: "Detection of rain-bearing convective system using cloud information derived from the split window" Proceedings of 1997 Meteor.Sat.Data Sat.Data Usere'Conf at Brussels,Belgium. 173-182 (1998)
• [Publications] Inoue,T..: "Contrast of 87/88 Indian summer monsoon observed by split window measurements." 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly. July 1996. (1997)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.: "Contrast of 87/88 Indian summer monsoon observed by split window measurements." Advances in Space Research. 19. 447-455 (1997)
• [Publications] 保本 正芳佐野 到向井 苑生et al.: "偏光観測と散乱シミュレーションに基づく海洋エアロゾル特性の導出," 近畿大学理工学部研究報告. 33. 21-25 (1997)
• [Publications] 前田 雅紀,佐野 到,向井 苑生,Anthony Toigo,: "ADEOS/OCTSデータ用水色解析システムの作成" 近畿大学理工学部研究報告. 33. 27-31 (1997)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.,: "Assessment of ERBE clear scene ID by using collocated AVHRR data.,Chiba University" Proceeding of the international symposium on the atomospheric correction of satellite data and its application to global environment. January 1998. (1998)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.,: "Early results on comparison between cloud information by VIRS and rain by PR/TMI," Advances in Space Research. (submitted). (1998)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.: "Cirrus cloud remote sensing from split window,Technical Digest Cirrus," OSA,. October 6-8,. 55-58 (1998)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.: "Multi-channel IR observations of clouds and collocatedmicrowave radiometer" 9th Conference on Satellite Meteorology & Oceanography 1998,Paris,AMS. (1998)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.,K.Kimura,T.Yasunari: "ime spectral analysis for the natural variability of the barotropic model atmosphere with annual cycle forcing." J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,. 74. 909-921 (1996)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.R.Kanohgi.T.Yasunari,: "Recent adrupt intensification of the northern polar vortex since" J.Meteor.Soc.Japan. 74. 947-954 (1996)
• [Publications] 田中博: "無秩序から秩序が生まれるプロセス.気象学のみかた" AERA Mook. 2. 20-21 (1996)
• [Publications] 田中博: "韓国密陽郡のICE VALLEYにおける夏季氷結現象の数値実験." 地理学評論. 70A-1. 1-14 (1997)
• [Publications] Hasegawa,A.,H.L.Tanaka,H.Hirakuchi,S.Taguchi: "Comparative energetics analysis of CCM2 with different horizontal resolutions." Climate Dynamics. 13. 521-532 (1997)
• [Publications] 田中博: "第5章:カオスの壁を越える天気予報の夢" 電気学会. 117. 604-607 (1997)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.: "Diurnal variation of cloudiness for cloud types inferred from GOES-9 split window : Preliminary results" 1996 Meteorological Satellite Data Users' Coference,Vienna,Austria,EUM. 19,441-445 (1998)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.: "Current status of precipitation estimate by split window method." 6th TRMM workshop in Japan,. Marth 1996. (1996)
• [Publications] Inoue,T.: "Morning-to-evenig cloudiness changes inferred from split window aboard the polar orbiting NOAA satellite," Preprints of 8th Conference of Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography,. anuary 1996. (1997)
• [Publications] 田中博・木村賢一: "1993/94年夏のハドレー循環・モンスーン循環・ウォーカー循環の強度について、" グロースベッター. 35,. 25-46 (1996)
• [Publications] Walsh,J.E.,H.L.Tanaka,G.Weller,: "Wadati Conference on global change and the polar climate.,7-10 November 1995,Tsukuba,Japan." Bull.Ameri.Meteor.Soc.,. 77. 1268-1273 (1997)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.K.Kimura,: "Normal model energetics analysis and the intercomparison for therecent ECMWF,NMC,and JMA global analyses." J.Meteor.Soc.Japan. 74. 525-538 (1997)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.and D.Nohara,: "Numerical Simulation of Realistic Bloking and Local Lyapunov Stability Analysis of the Barotropic Prediction Model." WMO Weather Prediction Research Programmes. 26. 6.23-6.24 (1998)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.and Kazuo Kimura: "Time series analysis of natural variability in barotropic energy of the atmosphere with ECMWF global analysis." J.Meteor.Soc.Japan. 76,. 267-274 (1998)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.: "Numerical simulation of a life-cycle of atmospheric blocking and the analysis of potential vortisity using a simple barotropic model." J.Meteor.Soc.Japan. (in press). (1998)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.: "An observational study of summertime ice formation at the Ice Valley in Milyang,Korea." Science Report,Inst.Geosci.,Univ.of Tsukuba. (in press). (1998)
• [Publications] K.Takaya,H.Nakamura: "A Formulation of a Phase-Independent Wave Activity Flux of Stationary and Migratory Quasi-Geostrophic Eddies on a Zonally-Varying Basic Flow." J.Atmos.Sci. (submitted). (1998)
• [Publications] M.Honda,K.Yamazaki,H.Nakamura,K.Takeuchi,.: "Dynamic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Atmospheric Response to Okhotsk Sea-Ice Extent Anomalies." J.Climate. (submitted). (1998)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.D.Nohara,: "A new method of extending predictability of the medium-range weather prediction beyond the two-week barrier of chaos.Proc" 11th Conf.Atmos.Ocean Fluid Dynamics,. 174-178 (1997)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.A.Hasegawa,: "Comparative energetics analysis of climate models with high and low resolutions." CLIMATE CHANGE: RESULTS FROM THE MODEL EVALUATION CONSORTIUM FOR CLIMATE ASSESSMENT. Chap.4,63-90. 418 (1996)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.: "Evaluation of the global heating field in the atmosphere using the NCEP reanalysis Proc.Intl.Workshop on Global Change and Terrestrial Environment in Monsoon Asia." Special Research Project on Global Enviromental Change of the University of Tsukuba,. 172-175 (1997)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.D.Nohara,: "Medium-range numerical weather prediction by a simple barotropic model with parameterized baroclinic instability." WMO Weather Prediction Research Programmes. 25. 6.31-6.32 (1997)
• [Publications] Tanaka,H.L.,: "Comparative study of vertical motions in the atmosphere evaluated by various schemes.Proc" WCRP First International Conference on Reanalyses.27-31 October. 1-4. (1997)
• [Publications] 田中博、早崎将光、安成哲三: "1993/94年夏の日本付近における異常気象の熱収支解析" 気象研究ノート. 189. 97-125 (1997)
• [Publications] 中村 尚,泉 卓也,新保明彦: "オホーツク海高気圧の形成に関わる上層のブロッキング高気圧の時間発展とその力学" 気象研究ノート. 189. 177-190 (1997)
• [Publications] 中村 尚,山形俊男: "北太平洋大気海洋系の10年規模変動と海洋フロント" 月刊海洋. 29. 642-648 (1997)
• [Publications] H.Nakamura,G.Lin.T.Yamagata: "Decadal Climate Variability in the North Pacific during the Recent Decades." Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc. 78. 2215-2225 (1997)
• [Publications] H.Nakamura,M.Nakamura,J.L.Anderson,: "The Role of High-and Low-Frequency Dynamics in Blocking Formation." Mon.Wea.Rev.125. 2074-2093 (1997)
• [Publications] H.Naoe,Y.Matsuda,H.Nakamura: "Rossby Wave Propagation in Idealized and Realistic Zonally Varying Flows." J.Meteor.Soc.Japan. 75. 687-700 (1997)
• [Publications] H.Nakamura: "Year-to-Year and Interdecadal Variability in the Activity of Intraseasonal Fluctuations in the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Circulation." Theor.Appl.Climatol. 55. 19-32 (1996)
• [Publications] H.Nakamura,T.Yamagata,: "Recent Decadal SST Variability in the Western Pacific and Associated Atmospheric Anomalies,“Beyond El Nino: Decadal Climate Variability"," Springer. 63-87(in press). (1998)
• [Publications] 中村 尚,: "北太平洋で近年観測された海面水温の10年規模変動と付随する大気循環偏差" 気候システム叢書. 3(印刷中). (1998)
• [Publications] H.Nakamura,T.Yamagata: "Oceans and Climate Shifts,Letters to the Editor" Science. 286. 1144-1144 (1998)
• [Publications] 中村 尚: "北太平洋大気海洋系の長期および異常変動" 月刊海洋. 30. 395-401 (1998)
• [Publications] K.Takaya,H.Nakamura: "A Formulation of a Wave Activity Flux of Stationary Rossby Waves on a Zonally-Varying Basic Flow" Geophys.Res.Lett. 24. 2985-2988 (1997)
• [Publications] 中村 尚,林 国尭,山形俊男: "北太平洋大気海洋系で近年観測された10年規模変動の特徴" 気象研究ノート. 189. 217-230 (1997)
• [Publications] E.Mesorbian,R.R.Muntz,et al.: "Exploratory data mining and analysis using CONQUEST." Proc.IEEE Pacific Rim. 281-285 (1995)
• [Publications] H.Nakamura: "A method to retrieve a precipitable water using a microwave spectro-radiometer." J.Met.Soc.Jpn,. 74 No.1. 37-47 (1994)
• [Publications] 竹内延夫,高村民雄,櫻田安志,小山友明,金田真一: "煙の着色現象について" 千葉大学環境科学研究報告. 21. 15-22 (1996)
• [Publications] 櫻田安志,神保直弘,金田真一、鈕 建国,et al.: "光学センサによる高濃度大気汚染の観測" 千葉大学環境科学研究報告. 21. 45-52 (1996)
• [Publications] T.Takamura,T.Kobayashi H.Sugawara: "Upward longwave radiation and radiation temperature by air-borne sensors over urbanized area" RS '96: CURRENT PROBLEMS IN ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION". (1995)
• [Publications] Tamio Takamura,: "A method to retrieve a precipitable water using a microwave spectro-radiometer." J.Met.Soc.Jpn. 74 No.1. 37-47 (1996)
• [Publications] 中村 尚,泉 卓也,新保明彦: "オホーツク海高気圧の形成に関わる上層のブロッキング高気圧の時間発展とその力学" 気象研究ノート. 189. 177-190 (1997)
• [Publications] 中村 尚,山形俊男: "北太平洋大気海洋系の10年規模変動と海洋フロント" 月刊海洋. 29. 642-648 (1997)
• [Publications] H.Nakamura,G.Lin.T.Yamagata: "Decadal Climate Variability in the North Pacific during the Recent Decades." Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc. 78. 2215-2225 (1997)