北方林の3次元構造と多様性維持機構の解明

1999 Fiscal Year Annual Research Report

• Project/Area Number: 08406011
• Research Institution: HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY
• Principal Investigator: 日浦 勉 北海道大学, 農学部・付属演習林, 助教授 (70250496)
• Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha): 甲山 隆司 北海道大学, 大学院・地球環境科学研究所, 教授 (60178233) ; 東 正剛 北海道大学, 大学院・地球環境科学研究所, 教授 (90133777) ; 戸田 正憲 北海道大学, 低温科学研究所, 教授 (40113592) ; 前川 光司 北海道大学, 農学部・附属演習林, 教授 (80002301) ; 青井 俊樹 北海道大学, 農学部・附属演習林, 助教授 (70125277)
• Keywords: 資源制限 / 開花フェノロジー / 繁殖成功 / 貯蔵物質 / 多様性-生産性仮説 / 階層構造 / 光資源分割 / トレードオフ

Research Abstract

林床低木ミツバウツギの繁殖成功度は、ミツバウツギ各個体の上層を覆う林冠樹種のフェノロジーとマルハナバチによる隣家受粉の頻度に依存していることを明らかにした。虫媒樹木約20種の開花フェノロジーと開花量を明らかにした。
オオマルハナバチとコマルハナバチの個体群サイズは高木類の開花量の年変動によって強く規定され、間接的に林床植物の結実率にも影響を及ぼすことが示唆された。
樹体内貯蔵養分量の季節変動パタンは開花結実がまったく見られなかったにもかかわらず、アオダモとハクウンボクでは大きく異なり、開葉フェノロジーによっても影響されることが明らかとなった。
二次林に設定していた40ヵ所、8年間の毎木調査区のデータから、樹木種類の多い林分ほど生産性が高く、階層構造がよく発達していることが明らかとなった。また、階層構造が発達している林分ほど土壌の炭素/窒素比が大きく、光資源と土壌養分のトレードオフ関係が働いていることが分かった。
樹種・個体ごとの詳細な光資源分割の解析により、高木類は亜高木に比べてサイズの小さい段階では光利用効率は低いが、サイズが大きくなるにつれ逆転することが明らかとなった。これは階層の異なる樹種が光資源を効率よく分割していることとも対応する。

Research Products

• [Publications] Miyasaka, H. and S. Nakano: "Sublethal effects of drift and benthic foraging fishes on the drift dispersal of three stream mayflies"Oecologia. 118. 99-106 (1999)
• [Publications] Nakano, S., N. Kuhara and H. Miyasaka: "Terrestrial-aquatic linkages : riparian arthropod inputs alter trophic cascades in a stream food web"Ecology. 80. 2435-2441 (1999)
• [Publications] Kuhara, N., S. Nakano and H. Miyasaka: "Interspecific competition between two stream insect grazers mediated by non-feeding predatory fish"Oikos.. 87. 27-35 (1999)
• [Publications] Nakano, S., Y. Kawaguchi, Y. Taniguchi, H. Miyasaka, Y. Shibata, H. Urabe and N. Kuhara: "Selective foraging on terrestrial invertebrates by rainbow trout in a forested headwater stream, northern Japan"Ecological Research. 14. 351-360 (1999)
• [Publications] Urabe, H. and S. Nakano: "Linking microhabitat availability and local density of rainbow trout in low-gradient japanese streams"Ecological Research. 14. 341-349 (1999)
• [Publications] Takahashi, K., Yoshida, K., Suzuki, M., Seino, T., Sugata, S., Fujito, A., Kudo, G., Hiura, T. and Kohyama, T.: "Stand biomas, net production and canopy structure in a secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest, northern Japan"Research Bulletin of Hokkaido University Forest.. 56. 70-85 (1999)
• [Publications] Yamaga, Y. & Ohgushi, T.: "Preference-performance linkage of an herbivorous lady beetle : consequences of variability in natural enemies"Oecologia.. 119. 183-190 (1999)
• [Publications] Ishihara, M., Hayashi, T. & Ohgushi, T.: "Life cycle of the willow leaf beetle, plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) in lshikari (Hokkaido, Japan)"Entomological Science. 2. 57-60 (1999)
• [Publications] Toda, M.J., Kimura, M.T. & Tuno, N.: "Coexistence mechanisms of mycrophagous drosophilids on multispecies fungal hosts : aggregation and resource partitioning"Journal of Animal Ecology. 68. 794-803 (1999)
• [Publications] Sultana, F., Kimura, M.T. & Toda, M.J.: "Anthophilic Drosophila of the elegans species-subgroup from Indonesia, with description of a new species (Diptera : Drosophilidae)"Entomological Science. 2(1). 121-126 (1999)
• [Publications] Hu, Y.-G, Toda, M.J. & Watabe, H.: "A revision of the Lordiphosa tenuicauda species-group, with descriptions of eight new species from China (Diptera : Drosophilidae)"Entomological Science. 2(1). 105-119 (1999)
• [Publications] Takahashi, K. and Kohyama, T.: "Size-structure dynamics of two conifers in relation to understorey dwarf bamboo : a simulation study"Journal of Vegetation Science. 10. 833-842 (1999)
• [Publications] Komene, Y., S. Higashi, F. Ito & H. Miyata: "Effects of colony size on the number of gamergates in the queenless ponerine ant Rhytidoponera aurata"Insectes Sociaux.. 46. 29-33 (1999)
• [Publications] Katano, O., K. Maekawa and K. Iguchi: "An experimental study of interaction and feeding behavior of ayu, plecoglossus altivelis and Japanese dace, Tribolodon hakonensis"Fisheries Science. 65(1). 42-47 (1999)
• [Publications] Saito, T. and S. Nakano: "Birth-timing-specific altering life histories of female threespine stickleback in a cold-water stream"Canadian Journal of Zoology. (in press).
• [Publications] Taniguchi, Y. and S. Nakano: "Condition-specific competition : implications for the altitudinal distribution of stream fishes"Ecology. (in press).
• [Publications] Taniguchi, Y., Y. Miyake, T. Saito, H. Urabe and S. Nakano: "Reddsuperimposition by introduced rainbow trout on native charrs in a Japanese stream"Ichthyological Research. (in press).
• [Publications] Saito, T. and S. Nakano: "Differences in the impacts of a weir on the reproductive activities in white-spotted charr and Dolly Varden in a Japanese pond-associated stream system"Fisheries Science. (in press).
• [Publications] Hu, Y.-G. & Toda, M.J.: "Polyphyly of Lordiphosa and its relationships in Drosophilinae (Diptera : Drosophilidae)"Systematic Entomology. (in press).
• [Publications] Tsuyuzaki, S., Ishizaki, T. & Sato, T.: "Vegetation structure in gullies developed by the melting of ice wedges along Kolyma River, northeastern Siberai"Ecological Research. (in press).
• [Publications] KONDO, T. & Tsuyuzaki, S.: "Natural regeneration patterns of an introduced Larix kaempferi on the volcano Mt. Koma, northern Japan"Diversity and Distributions. (in press).
• [Publications] Titus, J.H. & Tsuyuzaki, S.: "Ski slope vegetation of Mount Hood, Oregon, U.S.A."Arctic and Alpine Research. 31. 319-328 (2000)
• [Publications] Haraguchi, A., S. Uemura and K. Yabe: "Effects of nutrient loadings from the catchment of dairy farms on Asajino mire, a small coastal ombrotrophic mire in northernmost Japan"Ecological Research. (in press).
• [Publications] Wada, N. and S. Uemura: "Size dependent flowering behavior and heat production of a sequential hermaphrodite Symplocarpus renifolius (Araceae)"American Journal of Botany. (in press).
• [Publications] Kuhara, N., S. Nakano and H. Miyasaka: "Flow mediates the competitive influence of a grazing caddisfly on mayflies"Ecological Research. (in press).
• [Publications] Suzuki, M. and Hiura, T.: "Allometric differences between current-year shoots and large branches of deciduous broad-leaved tree species"Tree Physiology. (in press).
• [Publications] Maeno, H. and Hiura, T.: "The effects of leaf phenology of onerstory tres on the reproductive success of an understory shrub, Staphylea bumalda DC"Canadian Journal of Botany. (in press).
• [Publications] 小池文人,日浦勉: "林冠研究の意識と方法"日本生態学会誌. (印刷中).
• [Publications] 日浦勉: "ジャングルジムで樹冠にアプローチする"日本生態学会誌. (印刷中).
• [Publications] Chen H.-W. & Toda, M.J.: "A revision of the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilide) of Asia and Europe, with a phylogenetic analysis and establishment of species-groups"Journal of Natural History. (in press).
• [Publications] Kato, E. and Hiura, T.: "Fruit set in Styrax obassia : the effect of light resource, display size, and local floral density"American Journal of Botany. 86. 495-501 (1999)
• [Publications] Kikuchi, T., S. Higashi & T. Murakami: "A morphological comparison of alates between monogynous and polygynous colonies of Myrmica kotokui in northernmost Japan"Insectes Sociaux.. 46. 250-255 (1999)
• [Publications] 稲葉弘之,河合正人,植村滋,秦寛,近藤誠司,大久保正彦: "夏季林間放牧における北海道和種馬の採食植物の経日変化"北海道草地研究会報.. 33. 28-31 (1999)
• [Publications] Kohyama, T., Suzuki, E., Aiba, S. and Seino, T.: "Functional differentiation and positive feedback enhancing plant biodiversity"Biology of Biodiversity (ed. by M. Kato). 179-191 (1999)
• [Publications] Murakami, M.: "Effects of avian predation on survival of leaf-rolling lepidopterous larvae"Research on Population Ecology. 41. 135-138 (1999)
• [Publications] Titus, J.H. & Tsuyuzaki, S.: "Ski slope vegetation at Snoqualmie Pass, Washington State, USA, and a comparison of ski slope vegetation in temperate coniferous forest zones"Ecological Research. 13. 97-104 (1999)
• [Publications] Taguiam, C.G. & Tsuyuzaki, S.: "Agroforestry as a farming system in Bangong Silang, Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines"Tropics. 7. 269-282 (1999)
• [Publications] Tu, M., Titus, J.H., Tsuyuzaki, S. & del Moral, R.: "Composition and dynamics of wetland seed banks on Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA"Folia Gerbotanica. 33. 3-16 (1999)
• [Publications] Nakano, S.: "Diet differentiation in polymorphic Brachymystax lenox in streams of southern Prior'e, Russia"Ichthyological Research. 46. 100-102 (1999)
• [Publications] Nakano, S., K.D. Fausch and S. Kitano: "Flexible niche partitioning via a foraging mode shift : a proposed mechanism for coexistence in stream-dwelling charrs"Journal of Animal Ecology. 68. 1-15 (1999)
• [Publications] Hiura, T. and Fujiwara, K.: "Density-dependence and coexistence of conifer and broad-leaved trees in a northern mixed forest"Journal of Vegetation Science. 10. 843-850 (1999)
• [Publications] Price, P., Roininen H. and Ohgushi, T.: "Comparative plant-herbivore interactions involving willows and three gall-inducing sawfly apecies in the genus Pontania (Hymenopter a : Tenthredinidae)"Ecoscience. 6. 41-50 (1999)
• [Publications] Nomura, F. & S. Higashi: "Effects of food distribution on habitat use of a female brown bear Ursus arctos yezoensis in a beech forest in Hokkaido, Japan"Zoological Studies. (in press).
• [Publications] Hiroswa, H., S. Higashi & M. Mohamed: "Food habits of Aenictus army ants and their effects on the ant community in a rainforest of Borneo"Insectes Sociaux. (in press).
• [Publications] Tamate, T. and K. Maekawa: "Interpopulation variation in reproductive traits of female masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou"Oikos.. (in press).
• [Publications] 前川光司: "渓流魚の生態と砂防工事の影響、太田・高橋編渓流生態砂防学"東京大学出版会. (1999)
• [Publications] 前川光司・中野繁・井口恵一朗: "温暖化による淡水魚類の分布変化、河野昭一・井村治編環境変動と生物群集"海ゆう社. (1999)