2003 Fiscal Year Annual Research Report

北極域ツンドラ環境変動の研究

Research Project

Project/Area Number	11208204
Research Institution	National Institute of Polar Research
Principal Investigator	神田啓史国立極地研究所, 資料系, 教授 (70099935)
Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha)	伊村智国立極地研究所, 研究系, 助教授 (90221788) 森脇喜一国立極地研究所, 研究系, 教授 (50033501) 内藤靖彦国立極地研究所, 企画調整官・教授 (80017087) 末田達彦愛媛大学, 農学部, 教授 (90109314) 増沢武弘静岡大学, 理学部, 教授 (40111801)
Keywords	北極 / 氷河 / 菌類 / 蘚類 / 種子植物 / リター / 落葉 / LMA
Research Abstract	本年度の計画はカナダ北極、エルズミア島の氷河域における生態系変動の研究を主に行い、主として、菌類と蘚類、種子植物の関連について検討した。北半球に広く分布する担子菌類Typhula属雪腐病菌(T.incarnate, T.ishikariensis)は北極、シベリアでの非農耕地域における分布には不明な点が多い。T.ishikariensisは異なる2種の交配型、生物種I及びIIに大別される。生物種Iはユーラシア大陸全域に広く分布するが、生物種IIの分布は不連続でバルト諸島・ロシア欧州部から中央シベリアまでには採取されなかった。また、グリーンランド、スバールバル、ノルウェー北極圏(フィンマーク)、シベリア、ロシア極東北極圏で採取された菌株の多くは至適温度は4℃以下であった。10℃を超えると熱ストレスによるコロニー形態異常が観察された(通常の菌株の至適温度は10℃程度)。しかし、これらの極地優勢種は高い耐凍性を得ることによって、生息地への環境に適応していると考えられる。一方、植物遺骸リターの堆積物を測定し、Salix arcticaの落葉分解の過程を菌類の定着と種組成に注目して調査した。調査地は最終氷期以降、氷河が停滞を繰り返しながら後退を続けている地域であり、Cassiope tetragona, Dryas integlifolia, Salix arcticaが優先する。年代が異なる5つのモレーン群(最古期、古期A、古期B、新期、最新期)において地上部リター蓄積量を測定した。リター量は最新期から最古期にかけて増加していた。各モレーン群においてS. arcticaのコロニー直下から匍匐枝年枝を手がかりに、3種類の落葉(老衰葉、落葉後1〜5年目、落葉後5〜10年目)を採取し、そのLMA(面積あたりの乾燥重量)、化学組成を調べた結果、菌糸長は分解に伴って増加する傾向が認められ、胞子末形成株の1タイプが高頻度で分解されたが、菌糸量と種組成はモレーン間でほとんど差がなかった。

Research Products

(17 results)

All Other

All Publications (17 results)

[Publications] T.Kibe, T.Masuzawa, Y.Awaya: "Soil CO_2 efflux at timberline on Mt.Fuji."Polar Bioscience. 17(印刷中). (2004)
[Publications] S.Okitsu, S.Sawaguchi, H.Hasegawa, H.Kanda: "Vegetation development on the glacier moraines in Oobloyah Valley, Ellesmere Island high arctic Canada."Polar Bioscience. 17(印刷中). (2004)
[Publications] S.Kojima: "Three-year vegetation change in the Arctic environment as observed in a permanent plot in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard."Polar Bioscience. 17(印刷中). (2004)
[Publications] Y.S.Bekku, A.Kume, T.Masuzawa, H.Kanda, T.Nakatsubo, H.Koizumi: "Soil respiration in a high arctic glacier foreland in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard."Polar Bioscience. 17(印刷中). (2004)
[Publications] 内田雅己: "炭素循環からみた地球環境変化と高緯度北極の陸域生態系"極地. 78. 35-41 (2004)
[Publications] A.Kume, Y.S.Bekku, Y.T.Hanba, H.Kanda: "Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Diverging Growth Forms of Saxifraga oppositifolia in Different Successional Stages in a High Arctic Glacier Foreland."Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 35. 377-383 (2003)
[Publications] T.Osono, H.Kanda: "Decomposition and fungal succession in leaf litter of Salix arctica in a high-arctic deglaciated area in Ellesmere Island, Canada."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 20 (2003)
[Publications] H.Hasegawa, S.Sawaguchi, A.Amaizawa, H.Kanda: "Late Quaternary Glacial fluctuations in the Oobloyar Bay Area, NW Ellesmere Island, Canada."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 72 (2003)
[Publications] A.Amaizawa, H.Hasegawa, H.Kanda: "Distribution and feature of mud boils at Ellesmere Island, arctic Canada."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 73 (2003)
[Publications] T.Ueno, A.Amaizawa, H.Hasegawa, M.Uchida, T.Osono, H.Kanda: "Intraspecific variation in the physiological characteristics of a common feather moss, Hylocomium splendens along a hydrological gradient in a high arctic tundra."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 74 (2003)
[Publications] M.Uchida, T.Nakatsubo, H.Kanda: "Net ecosystem production of Salix-Sanionia community in autumn on a glacier foreland in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 76 (2003)
[Publications] S.Nishitani, T.Masuzawa: "Germination characteristics and freezing tolerance of bulbils in Arctic polygonum viviparum."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 77 (2003)
[Publications] A.Hakoda, M.Tojo, H.Fujii, T.Hoshino, H.Kanda, S.T.Ohki: "Analysis of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction fragment of Pythium spp.isolated from mosses on Spitsbergen Island."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 78 (2003)
[Publications] M.Tojo, A.Hakoda, T.Hoshino, H.Kanda, S.T.Ohki: "Effects of climate warming on activity of the soil borne plant pathogens in the moss on Svalbard I.Investigation of soil borne plant pathogens in moss colonies (Sanionia uncinata) at the north side cliff of Japanese Ny-Alesund observatory, Spitsbergen Island."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 79 (2003)
[Publications] T.Ueno: "Intraspecific variation in the ecophysiological characteristics of a common feather moss, Hylocomium splendens."Abstracts of 12^<th> workshop on International Tundra Experiment. 29 (2003)
[Publications] M.Uchida: "Effects of climate warming on activity of the soil-borne plant pathogens in the moss on Svalbard : Introduction of a new experiment."Abstracts of 12^<th> workshop on International Tundra Experiment. 29 (2003)
[Publications] 神田啓史他: "北極・南極の百科事典"丸善株式会社. 518 (2004)

2003 Fiscal Year Annual Research Report

北極域ツンドラ環境変動の研究

Principal Investigator

神田 啓史 国立極地研究所, 資料系, 教授 (70099935)

Research Products

[Publications] T.Kibe, T.Masuzawa, Y.Awaya: "Soil CO_2 efflux at timberline on Mt.Fuji."Polar Bioscience. 17(印刷中). (2004)

[Publications] S.Okitsu, S.Sawaguchi, H.Hasegawa, H.Kanda: "Vegetation development on the glacier moraines in Oobloyah Valley, Ellesmere Island high arctic Canada."Polar Bioscience. 17(印刷中). (2004)

[Publications] S.Kojima: "Three-year vegetation change in the Arctic environment as observed in a permanent plot in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard."Polar Bioscience. 17(印刷中). (2004)

[Publications] Y.S.Bekku, A.Kume, T.Masuzawa, H.Kanda, T.Nakatsubo, H.Koizumi: "Soil respiration in a high arctic glacier foreland in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard."Polar Bioscience. 17(印刷中). (2004)

[Publications] 内田雅己: "炭素循環からみた地球環境変化と高緯度北極の陸域生態系"極地. 78. 35-41 (2004)

[Publications] A.Kume, Y.S.Bekku, Y.T.Hanba, H.Kanda: "Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Diverging Growth Forms of Saxifraga oppositifolia in Different Successional Stages in a High Arctic Glacier Foreland."Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 35. 377-383 (2003)

[Publications] T.Osono, H.Kanda: "Decomposition and fungal succession in leaf litter of Salix arctica in a high-arctic deglaciated area in Ellesmere Island, Canada."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 20 (2003)

[Publications] H.Hasegawa, S.Sawaguchi, A.Amaizawa, H.Kanda: "Late Quaternary Glacial fluctuations in the Oobloyar Bay Area, NW Ellesmere Island, Canada."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 72 (2003)

[Publications] A.Amaizawa, H.Hasegawa, H.Kanda: "Distribution and feature of mud boils at Ellesmere Island, arctic Canada."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 73 (2003)

[Publications] T.Ueno, A.Amaizawa, H.Hasegawa, M.Uchida, T.Osono, H.Kanda: "Intraspecific variation in the physiological characteristics of a common feather moss, Hylocomium splendens along a hydrological gradient in a high arctic tundra."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 74 (2003)

[Publications] M.Uchida, T.Nakatsubo, H.Kanda: "Net ecosystem production of Salix-Sanionia community in autumn on a glacier foreland in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 76 (2003)

[Publications] S.Nishitani, T.Masuzawa: "Germination characteristics and freezing tolerance of bulbils in Arctic polygonum viviparum."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 77 (2003)

[Publications] A.Hakoda, M.Tojo, H.Fujii, T.Hoshino, H.Kanda, S.T.Ohki: "Analysis of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction fragment of Pythium spp.isolated from mosses on Spitsbergen Island."Abstracts of 26^<th> symposium on Polar Biology. 78 (2003)

[Publications] T.Ueno: "Intraspecific variation in the ecophysiological characteristics of a common feather moss, Hylocomium splendens."Abstracts of 12^<th> workshop on International Tundra Experiment. 29 (2003)

[Publications] M.Uchida: "Effects of climate warming on activity of the soil-borne plant pathogens in the moss on Svalbard : Introduction of a new experiment."Abstracts of 12^<th> workshop on International Tundra Experiment. 29 (2003)

[Publications] 神田啓史 他: "北極・南極の百科事典"丸善株式会社. 518 (2004)

神田啓史国立極地研究所, 資料系, 教授 (70099935)

[Publications] 神田啓史他: "北極・南極の百科事典"丸善株式会社. 518 (2004)