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2008 Fiscal Year Final Research Report

Fiber Sensor Photonics for Safety and Security- Realization of ultimate performance in fiber optic nerve systems -

Research Project

  • PDF
Project/Area Number 16GS0202
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Creative Scientific Research

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Research InstitutionThe University of Tokyo

Principal Investigator

HOTATE Kazu  The University of Tokyo, 大学院・工学系研究科, 教授 (60126159)

Co-Investigator(Renkei-kenkyūsha) YAMASHITA Shinji  東京大学, 大学院・工学系研究科, 准教授 (40239968)
HE Zuyuan  東京大学, 大学院・工学系研究科, 准教授 (70322047)
KISHI Masato  東京大学, 大学院・工学系研究科, 助授 (00150285)
Project Period (FY) 2004 – 2008
Keywords光ファイバ / 光ファイバセンサ / スマート材料・構造
Research Abstract

連続光波の相関を制御する独自技術により、光ファイバに沿う歪等の分布を測定する独自技術を提案・開発した。典型的な従来技術の性能を数桁凌ぐ、空間分解能1.6mmや測定速度1kHz を達成し、温度と歪の同時・分離計測等も実現した。本技術は、小型ジェット機に光ファイバ神経網を設置する共同研究に採用され、飛行時の動的・分布歪計測を実証した。

  • Research Products

    (73 results)

All 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Other

All Journal Article (43 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 42 results) Presentation (23 results) Book (1 results) Remarks (2 results) Patent(Industrial Property Rights) (4 results)

  • [Journal Article] Optical time-domain measurement ofBrillouin dynamic grating spectrum in apolarization-maintaining fiber2009

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song、W. Zou, Z, He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA OpticsLetters vol.34

      Pages: 1381-1383

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Correlation-based distributed measurement ofdynamic grating spectrum generated instimulated Brillouin scattering in a polarizationmaintainingoptical fiber2009

    • Author(s)
      W. Zou, Z. He, K-Y. Song and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Optics Letters vo.34

      Pages: 1126-1128

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Long range andhigh resolution reflectometry by synthesis ofoptical coherence function at region beyond thecoherence length2009

    • Author(s)
      M. Kashiwagi and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      IEICE Electronics Exp. vol.6

      Pages: 497-503

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Polarizationbeat length distribution measurement in singlemodeoptical fibers with Brillouin opticalcorrelation-domain reflectometry2009

    • Author(s)
      Y. Mizuno, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      Appl. Phys.Exp. vol.2

      Pages: 046502 : 1-3

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] One-end-access high-speed distributed strainmeasurement with 13-mm spatial resolutionbased on Brillouin optical correlation-domainreflectometry2009

    • Author(s)
      Y. Mizuno, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol.21

      Pages: 474-476

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Completediscrimination of strain and temperature usingBrillouin frequency shift and birefringence in apolarization-maintaining fiber2008

    • Author(s)
      W. Zou, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Optics Express vol.17

      Pages: 1248-1255

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Brillouin opticalcorrelation domain analysis in linearconfiguration2008

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol.20

      Pages: 2150-2152

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Investigation ofstrain- and temperature- dependences ofBrillouin frequency shifts in GeO_2-dopedoptical fibers2008

    • Author(s)
      W. Zou, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      J. of Lightwave Technol vol.26

      Pages: 1854-1861

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Range-enlargement of simplified Brillouinoptical correlation domain analysis based on atemporal gating scheme2008

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate, H. Arai and K.-Y. Song
    • Journal Title

      SICE J. of Control,Meas., and System Integration v ol.1

      Pages: 271-274

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Proposal of Brillouin optical correlationdomainreflectometry (BOCDR)2008

    • Author(s)
      Y. Mizuno, W. Zou, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Optics Express vol.16

      Pages: 12148-12153

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Distributedstrain sensor based on dynamic grating inpolarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber2008

    • Author(s)
      X. Fan, Z. He, and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Opt. Lett. vol.33

      Pages: 1647-1649

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Acoustic modalanalysis and control in w-shaped triple-layeroptical fibers with highly-germanium-dopedcore and F-doped inner cladding2008

    • Author(s)
      W. Zou, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Opt.Exp. vol.16

      Pages: 10006-10017

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Proposal andexperimental verification of Bragg wavelengthdistribution measurement within a long-lengthFBG by synthesis of optical coherencefunction2008

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate and K. Kajiwara
    • Journal Title

      OSA Opt. Exp. vol.16

      Pages: 7881-7887

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] All-optical dynamic grating generation basedon Brillouin scattering in Polarizationmaintainingfiber2008

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song, W. Zou, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Optics Lett. vol.33

      Pages: 926-938

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Gain-assisted superluminal propagation intellurite glass fiber based on stimulatedBrillouin scattering2008

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song, K.S. Abedin, and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Optics Express vol.16

      Pages: 225-230

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Distributed fiberstrain sensor at 1 kHz sampling rate based onBrillouin optical correlation domain analysis2007

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol.19

      Pages: 1928-1930

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Dependence of Brillouin frequency shift inoptical fibers on draw-induced residual elasticand inelastic strains2007

    • Author(s)
      W. Zou, Z. He, A. D. Yablon and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      IEEE Photon. Technol Lett. vol.19

      Pages: 1389-1391

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Effects ofintensity modulation of light source onBrillouin optical correlation domain analysis2007

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      J.of Lightwave Technol vol.25

      Pages: 1238-1246

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Stimulated Brillouin scattering and its dependenceson strain and temperature in a high-deltaoptical fiber with F-doped depressed innercladding2007

    • Author(s)
      W. Zou, Z. He, M. Kishi and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      Opt. Lett. vol.32,

      Pages: 600-602

  • [Journal Article] 25 GHz bandwidthBrillouin slow light in optical fibers2007

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Opt.Lett. vol.32

      Pages: 217-219

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Realization ofchannel-spacing-tunable multiwavelength fiberlaser by tuning chirp rate of strongly chirpedsampled fiber Bragg gratings2007

    • Author(s)
      K. T. Dinh and S. Yamashita
    • Journal Title

      Jpn J. of Appl.Phys Part 1, vol.46

      Pages: 3448-3451

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Suppressionof signal fluctuation in Brillouin opticalcorrelation domain analysis system usingpolarization diversity scheme2006

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate, K. Abe and K.-Y. Song
    • Journal Title

      IEEE Photon.Technol. Lett. vol.18

      Pages: 2653-2655

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Fiber Sensor Technology Today2006

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      Jpn. J. of Appl. Physics, special Issue forMicrooptics vol.45

      Pages: 6616-6625

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Twodimensionalfinite-element modal analysis ofBrillouin gain spectra in optical fibers2006

    • Author(s)
      W. Zou, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      IEEEPhoton. Technol. Let. vol.18

      Pages: 2487-2489

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Distributedstrain measurement with millimeter-orderspatial resolution based on Brillouin opticalcorrelation domain analysis2006

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Opt. Lett. vol.31

      Pages: 2526-2528

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] "High spatial resolution fiberopticdistributed lateral-stress sensing bystepwise frequency modulation of a superstructure grating distributed Bragg reflectorlaser diode2006

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate, K. Makino, Z. He, M. Ishikawa and Y. Yoshikuni
    • Journal Title

      IEEE J. of Lightwave Technol vol.24

      Pages: 2733-2740

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synthesis of opticalcoherence function and its applications indistributed and multiplexed optical sensing2006

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate and Z. He
    • Journal Title

      IEEE J. of Lightwave Technol vol.24

      Pages: 2541-2557

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Highly efficientBurillouin slow and fast light using As2Se3chalcogenide fiber2006

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song, K.-S. Abedin, K. Hotate, M.-G. Herraez and L. Thevenaz
    • Journal Title

      OSA Optics Express vol.14

      Pages: 5860-5865

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Optimizationof Brillouin optical correlation domainanalysis system based on intensity modulationscheme2006

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Opt. Ex vol.14

      Pages: 4256-4263

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Wide and fastwavelength-tunable mode-locked fiber laserbased on dispersion tuning2006

    • Author(s)
      S. Yamashita and M. Asano
    • Journal Title

      OSA Opt. Exp vol.14

      Pages: 9299-9306

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] High-speed high-reflectance-resolution reflectometryby synthesis of optical coherencefunction2006

    • Author(s)
      Z. He, T. Tomizawa, and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      IEICE Electron. Exp vol.3

      Pages: 122-128

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Enlargement ofmeasurement range in a correlation-basedBrillouin sensing system using double lock-inamplifiers and a single-sideband modulator2006

    • Author(s)
      K.-Y. Song and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      IEEE Photon.Technol. Lett. vol.18

      Pages: 499-501

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Novel strainandtemperature-sensing mechanism based ondynamic grating in polarization-maintainingerbium-doped fiber2006

    • Author(s)
      X. Fan, Z. He, and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Opt. Exp vol.14

      Pages: 556-561

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Bandwidth-adjustable dynamic grating inErbium-doped fiber by synthesis of opticalcoherence function2005

    • Author(s)
      X. Fan, Z. He, Y. Mizuno and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Opt. Exp vol.13

      Pages: 5756-5761

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Fiber-opticdistributed strain sensing system by Brillouinoptical correlation domain analysis with asimple and accurate time-division pump-probegeneration scheme2005

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate and T. Yamauchi
    • Journal Title

      Japanes J. of Appl. Phys vol.44

      Pages: L1030-L1033

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Expansionof spatial measurement range by use of verniereffect in multiplexed fibre Bragg grating strainsensor with synthesis of optical coherencefunction2005

    • Author(s)
      M. Enyama, Z. He, and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      Meas. Sci. and Technol vol.16

      Pages: 977-983

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A novel distributedfiber-optic strain sensor by localizingdynamic grating in polarization maintainingErbium-doped fiber : Proposal and theoreticalanalysis2005

    • Author(s)
      X. Fan, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      Jpn. J. of Appl. Physics vol.44

      Pages: 1101-1106

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] MultiwavelengthEr-doped fiber ring laser incorporating highlynonlinear fiber2005

    • Author(s)
      S. Yamashita and Y. Inoue
    • Journal Title

      Jpn. J. of Appl. Phys vol.44

      Pages: L1080-L1081

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Elongation ofmeasurement range by successively shiftingmeasurement window in a high spatialresolution reflectometry for optical subscribernetworks by synthesis of optical coherencefunction2004

    • Author(s)
      M. Kashiwagi and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      Meas. Sci. and Tec 15

      Pages: 1512-1518

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Frequency-shifted multiwavelength FBG lasersensor2004

    • Author(s)
      S. Yamashita, T. Baba and K. Kashiwagi
    • Journal Title

      Jpn. J. of Appl.Physics vol.43

      Pages: 8322-8324

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] High-reflectance-resolution opticalreflectometry by synthesis of optical coherencefunction2004

    • Author(s)
      Z. He, S.Yoshiyama , M, Enyama and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      Jpn. J. of Appl. Physics vol.44

      Pages: L117 - L119

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] FBG laser sensorwith intracavity dispersive fiber based on modelockingfrequency interrogation2004

    • Author(s)
      S. Yamashita and A. Inaba
    • Journal Title

      Meas. Sci.and Technol vol 15,

      Pages: 1536-1538

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Measurementrange enlargement in Brillouin opticalcorrelation-domain reflectometry based ontemporal gating scheme

    • Author(s)
      Y. Mizuno, Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Journal Title

      OSA Optics Letters vol17

      Pages: 9040-9046

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] Fiber-Optic NerveSystems for Safety and Security2009

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate and Z. He
    • Organizer
      4thOptoelectronics and Communications Conf.,Hong Kong
    • Place of Presentation
      Hong Kong
    • Year and Date
      20090713-17
  • [Presentation] Fiber Optic Nerve Systems forSafety and Security2009

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      SPIE Defense, Seccurity,and Sensing
    • Place of Presentation
      Orland
    • Year and Date
      2009-04-15
  • [Presentation] Fiber optic nerve systems formaterials and structures that can feel pain2008

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      21stIEEE Intern. Conf. on Micro Electro MechanicalSystems (MEMS 2008)
    • Place of Presentation
      Tucson
    • Year and Date
      20080115-18
  • [Presentation] Dynamic Grating inOptical Fiber : Synthesis and SensingApplications2008

    • Author(s)
      Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      1st Asia-Pacific Optical FiberSensors Conference (APOS-2008)
    • Place of Presentation
      Chengdu,China
    • Year and Date
      2008-11-08
  • [Presentation] Fiber Optic Nerve Systems forSmart Materials and Smart Structures2008

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotatee
    • Organizer
      IEEETopical Meeting on Microwave Photonics(NWP2008)
    • Place of Presentation
      Gold Coast
    • Year and Date
      2008-10-03
  • [Presentation] Distributed optical fiber sensorsand their applications2008

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      19th Intern. Conf. onOptical Fiber Sensors (OFS-19)
    • Place of Presentation
      Tutorialworkshops
    • Year and Date
      2008-04-08
  • [Presentation] Fiber Optic Nerve Systems formaterials and structures that can feel pain2007

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      SMSST07
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo
    • Year and Date
      20070721-22
  • [Presentation] Fiber-Optic nerve systems formaterials and structures that can feel pain2007

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      World Forum on Smart Materials and SmartStructures Technol. (SMSST2007)
    • Place of Presentation
      Chonching
    • Year and Date
      20070522-24
  • [Presentation] Fiber optic nerve systems formaterials that can feel pain2007

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      The EuropeanConference on Lasers and Electro-Optics andthe XIth European Quantum ElectronicsConference (CLEO/Europe-IQEC 2007)
    • Place of Presentation
      Munich, CH1-3
    • Year and Date
      20070116-20
  • [Presentation] Fiber-optic nerve systems for nondestructivediagnosis of structures and materials2007

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      Tenth Intern. Symp. on Contem- poraryPhotonics Technology (CPT 2007)
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo
    • Year and Date
      20070110-12
  • [Presentation] Applications andtechnical progress of fiber optic gyros inJapan2006

    • Author(s)
      A. Ohno, A. Kurokawa, T. Kumagai, S. Nakamura and K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      18th Intern. Conf. on Optical FiberSensors (OFS-18)
    • Place of Presentation
      Cancun, MA4
    • Year and Date
      20061023-27
  • [Presentation] Unification of input and outputends in polarization-maintaining optical fiberstress sensor by synthesis of optical coherencefunction2005

    • Author(s)
      Z. He, S. Horie, K. Hotate, M. Ishikawa, and Y. Yoshikuni
    • Organizer
      SPIE 6049, Intern. Symp. on Opto-mechatronic Tech- nologies (ISOT 2005)
    • Place of Presentation
      Sapporo
    • Year and Date
      20051200
  • [Presentation] Photonic sensing2005

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      11th MicroopticsConference (MOC' 05), TW2
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo Dec
    • Year and Date
      20051100
  • [Presentation] Distributed photonicsensing with synthesized optical coherencefunction2005

    • Author(s)
      Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      SPIE 5952, Intern. Congress onOptics and Optoelectronics
    • Place of Presentation
      Warsaw, Aug.
    • Year and Date
      20050900
  • [Presentation] Distributed and multiplexed fiberoptic sensors and their applications to smartstructures and smart materials2005

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      the 2005Optical Amplifiers and Their ApplicationsMeeting
    • Place of Presentation
      Budapest, TuA4
    • Year and Date
      20050800
  • [Presentation] Materials that feel pain - distributed strain sensing by optical fibers embeddedin structures and materials2005

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      IEEE/ LEOS Intern.Conf. on Optical MEMs and Their Applications
    • Place of Presentation
      Oul, PLE2
    • Year and Date
      20050800
  • [Presentation] Multi wavelegnthfiber laser using channel spacing-tunablesampled fiber bragg grating2005

    • Author(s)
      M. Yokooji and S. Yamashita
    • Organizer
      Optical Electronicsand Communications Conf. (OECC'2005)
    • Place of Presentation
      no.8D1-2
    • Year and Date
      20050700
  • [Presentation] Correlation-based continuouswavetechnique for optical fiber distributedstrain measurement using Brillouin scattering2005

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      17th Intern. Conf. on Optical FiberSensors (OFS-17)
    • Place of Presentation
      Bruges, Tu-1
    • Year and Date
      20050500
  • [Presentation] Fiber optic nerve systems withoptical correlation domain technique for smartstructures and smart materials2004

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      NorthAmerican Euro-Pacific Workshop on SensingIssue in Civil Structual Health Monitoring
    • Place of Presentation
      Hawaii
    • Year and Date
      20041100
  • [Presentation] Application ofSynthesized Coherence Function to DistributedOptical Sensing2004

    • Author(s)
      Z. He and K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      SPIE 5623, APOC 2004Conference
    • Place of Presentation
      Beijing
    • Year and Date
      20041100
  • [Presentation] e : Dynamic andrandom-access strain measurement by fiberBragg gratings with synthesis of opticalcoherence function2004

    • Author(s)
      M. Enyama and K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      SPIE 5589, Optics East2004
    • Place of Presentation
      Philadelphia
    • Year and Date
      20041000
  • [Presentation] Correlation-based continuous wavetechnique for fiber Brillouin distribu- tion strainsensing with a high spatial resolution2004

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      SPIE5604, Optics East 2004
    • Place of Presentation
      Philadelphia
    • Year and Date
      20041000
  • [Presentation] Trend and prospects for opticaldistributed sensing -Fiber-optic nerve systemsfor smart materials and smart-structures -2004

    • Author(s)
      K. Hotate
    • Organizer
      Second European Workshop on Optical FiberSensors
    • Place of Presentation
      Santander
    • Year and Date
      20040600
  • [Book] 光ファイバセンサ網の光測定「次世代センサハンドブック ; I編 基礎9章光ファイバセンサ9.6次世代光ファイバセンサ技術9.6.1分布型センシング,( 藍 光郎)2008

    • Author(s)
      保立和夫
    • Total Pages
      371-380
    • Publisher
      培風館
  • [Remarks] 東京大学大学院工学系研究科電気系工学専攻 保立・山下・何研究室 ホームページ

    • URL

      http://www.sagnac.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

  • [Remarks] 東京大学電気系グローバルCOE「セキュアライフ・エレクトロニクス」ホームページ中の「ウェブマート」

    • URL

      http://www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gcoe/webmart/index.shtml

  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 光ファイバ特性測定装置及び光ファイバ特性測定方法(保立和夫)2008

    • Inventor(s)
      大石和司, 保立和夫, 鎗孝志, 石岡昌人, 熊谷芳
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      三菱重工業株式会社, 横河電機株式会社
    • Industrial Property Number
      特願2008-039960,
    • Filing Date
      2008-02-12
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 光ファイバ特性測定装置及び光ファイバ特性測定方法(東京大学)(海外特許申請中)2008

    • Inventor(s)
      保立和夫, 宋 光容
    • Industrial Property Number
      特願 2005-348482,登録 ; 4100574
    • Filing Date
      2008-03-28
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 光ファイバ特性測定装置及び光ファイバ特性測定方法2007

    • Inventor(s)
      保立和夫, 何 祖源, 水野洋輔
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      東京大学
    • Industrial Property Number
      特願 2007-316440
    • Filing Date
      2007-12-06
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 光ファイバ特性測定装置及び光ファイバ特性測定方法2006

    • Inventor(s)
      保立和夫, 宋光容, 何祖源
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      東京大学(海外特許申請中)
    • Industrial Property Number
      特願 2006-019705
    • Filing Date
      2006-01-27

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Published: 2010-06-10   Modified: 2016-04-21  

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