2022 Fiscal Year Final Research Report

Conversion of the Function of Tort Law From the Perspectives of risk avoidance and risk acceptance

Research Project

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Project/Area Number	20H01440
Research Category	Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
Allocation Type	Single-year Grants
Section	一般
Review Section	Basic Section 05060:Civil law-related
Research Institution	Waseda University
Principal Investigator	OTSUKA Tadashi 早稲田大学, 法学学術院, 教授 (90143346)
Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha)	橋本佳幸京都大学, 法学研究科, 教授 (00273425) 山口斉昭早稲田大学, 法学学術院, 教授 (00318320) 後藤巻則早稲田大学, 法学学術院(法務研究科・法務教育研究センター), 教授 (20255045) 米村滋人東京大学, 大学院法学政治学研究科(法学部), 教授 (40419990)
Project Period (FY)	2020-04-01 – 2023-03-31
Keywords	不法行為 / リスク / 比例原則 / 過失 / 因果関係 / AI / 自動運転 / 差止
Outline of Final Research Achievements	In the 1990s, new torts proliferated. The purpose of this study was to introduce new perspectives of risk acceptance and risk avoidance to jurisprudence of torts, referring to the other law field such as public law. For this purpose, we investigated a variety of issues including risk notion in public law, the principle of proportionality, and the purpose and function of tort law. We examined the issue of limited liability in “Gefaehrdungshaftung” and that of liability in an autonomous driving car defect case and concluded that these two cases can be recognized as the cases “risk acceptance” should be esteemed. We also investigated the precautionary approach in the decision of the State “fault” in the cases of Fukushima Accident compensation litigations and concluded that in nuclear accident cases, the precautionary approach should be applied to the State liability. We could make a foundation to reconstitute tort law from the viewpoints of risk acceptance and risk avoidance.
Free Research Field	民法、環境法
Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements	環境、医療・ケア、市場・取引、先端科学の各分野での個別の法解釈論、制度論の具体的提言は、現実の諸事件に対して有用な視点を提供するものである。また、本研究により、リスクの多様性、新規性、予測不可能性を踏まえて、人間と社会に対する意味の相違を考慮してリスクを区分し、その諸類型に応じて問題を分析・検討し、その上で「リスクの抑止と受容」という観点から、不法行為法及び差止法の対応を再構成するための基礎が形成されたものと思われる。