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2021 Fiscal Year Research-status Report

Japan-France joint research on the origin of Martian moons

Research Project

Project/Area Number 20KK0080
Research InstitutionTokyo Institute of Technology

Principal Investigator

玄田 英典  東京工業大学, 地球生命研究所, 准教授 (90456260)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) 中村 智樹  東北大学, 理学研究科, 教授 (20260721)
兵頭 龍樹  国立研究開発法人宇宙航空研究開発機構, 宇宙科学研究所, 国際トップヤングフェロー (20814693)
黒川 宏之  東京工業大学, 地球生命研究所, 特任助教 (80713643)
臼井 寛裕  国立研究開発法人宇宙航空研究開発機構, 宇宙科学研究所, 教授 (60636471)
Project Period (FY) 2020-10-27 – 2026-03-31
Keywords衝突説 / 捕獲説 / 火星隕石 / フォボス / ディモス
Outline of Annual Research Achievements

本研究では、火星衛星の起源と形成過程の解明を目指した日仏共同研究体制の構築と強化を行うことを目的としている。この目的を達成するためには、これまで独立的に行われてきた理論研究、再現実験、物質分析、観測の融合研究を行い、研究代表者と分担者が年に1回程度1ヶ月間渡仏し、パリ地球物理研究所とパリ天文台にて、それぞれ、火星衛星の起源に関する理論研究と、火星衛星のスペクトルに関する分析と観測を行う必要がある。本年度についても、新型コロナウィルスの世界的な感染拡大を受けて、渡仏することができなかった。しかし、zoomやメールなどを使って、理論研究、再現実験、物質分析、観測を遂行するために、緊密に連絡を取り合い情報の共有を行った。理論研究においては、玄田(代表)、兵頭(分担)、黒川(分担)が、Charnoz(パリ地球物理研究所・フランス)と共同で、巨大衝突説・捕獲説の両説において研究を進めており、成果が上がりつつある。また、実験研究においては、火星模擬物質の作成を、中村(分担)が中心となって進めている。火星隕石の分析に関しては、臼井(分担者)が中心となって行なっている。MMX探査機に搭載する近赤外分光計(MIRS)による火星衛星フォボス観測計画においてもBarucci(パリ天文台・フランス)と共同で検討を進めている。そして、宇宙望遠鏡(Twinkle)を用いたフォボスとデイモスの観測についても、黒川 (分担)が中心となって観測計画を練っている段階にある。

Current Status of Research Progress
Current Status of Research Progress

3: Progress in research has been slightly delayed.

Reason

当初予定していた研究代表者および分担者の渡仏について、新型コロナウィルスの世界的な感染拡大を受けて遂行することができなかったため、「(3)やや遅れいている」とした。一方で、zoomやメールなどを使って、理論研究、再現実験、物質分析、観測を遂行するために、緊密に連絡を取り合い情報の共有を行って おり、なるべく計画通りに遂行できるように努めている。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

徐々に海外渡航ができるような状況になりつつあるため、今後は積極的に渡航をしていき、一気に研究を進める予定である。

Causes of Carryover

新型コロナウィルスの世界的な感染拡大を受けて、当初予定していた研究代表者および分担者の渡仏ができなかったため、それに応じて次年度使用額が生じた。 次年度は、状況に応じて、計画よりも長めの滞在、もしくは2度の渡仏を行うなどして、当初計画していた研究を遂行する。

  • Research Products

    (48 results)

All 2022 2021 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (2 results) Journal Article (40 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 25 results,  Peer Reviewed: 40 results,  Open Access: 39 results) Presentation (6 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 6 results,  Invited: 1 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] Johns Hopkins University(米国)

    • Country Name
      U.S.A.
    • Counterpart Institution
      Johns Hopkins University
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Institut de physique du globe de Paris/LESIA-Observatoire de Paris(フランス)

    • Country Name
      FRANCE
    • Counterpart Institution
      Institut de physique du globe de Paris/LESIA-Observatoire de Paris
  • [Journal Article] Large planets may not form fractionally large moons2022

    • Author(s)
      Nakajima Miki、Genda Hidenori、Asphaug Erik、Ida Shigeru
    • Journal Title

      Nature Communications

      Volume: 13 Pages: 568

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41467-022-28063-8

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Martian moons exploration MMX: sample return mission to Phobos elucidating formation processes of habitable planets2022

    • Author(s)
      Kuramoto Kiyoshi、Kawakatsu Yasuhiro、Fujimoto Masaki、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 74 Pages: 12

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-021-01545-7

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Distant Formation and Differentiation of Outer Main Belt Asteroids and Carbonaceous Chondrite Parent Bodies2022

    • Author(s)
      Kurokawa H.、Shibuya T.、Sekine Y.、Ehlmann B. L.、Usui F.、Kikuchi S.、Yoda M.
    • Journal Title

      AGU Advances

      Volume: 3 Pages: e2021AV000568

    • DOI

      10.1029/2021AV000568

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Can we constrain the origin of Mars' recurring slope lineae using atmospheric observations?2022

    • Author(s)
      Kurokawa Hiroyuki、Kuroda Takeshi、Aoki Shohei、Nakagawa Hiromu
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 371 Pages: 114688

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114688

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] The Mars system revealed by the Martian Moons eXploration mission2022

    • Author(s)
      Ogohara Kazunori、Nakagawa Hiromu、Aoki Shohei、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 74 Pages: 1

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-021-01417-0

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Pebbles and sand on asteroid (162173) Ryugu: In situ observation and particles returned to Earth2022

    • Author(s)
      Tachibana S.、Sawada H.、Okazaki R.、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Science

      Volume: 375 Pages: 1011~1016

    • DOI

      10.1126/science.abj8624

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Effect of sulfur on siderophile element partitioning between olivine and a primary melt from the martian mantle2022

    • Author(s)
      Usui Tomohiro、Righter Kevin、Shearer Charles K.、Jones John H.
    • Journal Title

      American Mineralogist

      Volume: 107 Pages: 357~368

    • DOI

      10.2138/am-2021-7743

    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Observations of Phobos and Deimos with SpeX at NASA infrared telescope facility2022

    • Author(s)
      Takir D.、Matsuoka M.、Waiters A.、Kaluna H.、Usui T.
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 371 Pages: 114691

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114691

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] The MMX rover: performing in situ surface investigations on Phobos2022

    • Author(s)
      Michel Patrick、Ulamec Stephan、Bottger Ute、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 74 Pages: 2

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-021-01464-7

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Spectral and mineralogical alteration process of naturally-heated CM and CY chondrites2022

    • Author(s)
      Matsuoka Moe、Nakamura Tomoki、Miyajima Nobuyoshi、Hiroi Takahiro、Imae Naoya、Yamaguchi Akira
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 316 Pages: 150~167

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2021.08.042

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Multiscale correlated analysis of the Aguas Zarcas CM chondrite2022

    • Author(s)
      Dionnet Zelia、Aleon‐Toppani Alice、Brunetto Rosario、Rubino Stefano、Suttle Martin D.、Lantz Cateline、Avdellidou Chrysa、Baklouti Donia、Borondics Ferenc、Djouadi Zahia、Grieco Francesco、Heripre Eva、Nakamura Tomoki、Rotundi Alessandra、Scheel Mario
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics & Planetary Science

      Volume: 57 Pages: 965~988

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.13807

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Stray light analysis by ray tracing simulation for the wide-angle multiband camera OROCHI onboard the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft2022

    • Author(s)
      Fuse Ryota、Enya Keigo、Kameda Shingo、Kato Hiroki、Osada Naoya、Ishibashi Ko、Ozaki Masanobu、Sakatani Naoya、Kouyama Toru、Suzuki Hidehiko、Nakamura Tomoki、Miyamoto Hideaki、Abe Shinsuke、Goda Yuya、Murao Hajime
    • Journal Title

      Advances in Space Research

      Volume: 69 Pages: 1236~1248

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.asr.2021.11.011

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] MIRS: an imaging spectrometer for the MMX mission2021

    • Author(s)
      Barucci Maria Antonietta、Reess Jean-Michel、Bernardi Pernelle、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 73 Pages: 211

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-021-01423-2

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Numerous chondritic impactors and oxidized magma ocean set Earth’s volatile depletion2021

    • Author(s)
      Sakuraba Haruka、Kurokawa Hiroyuki、Genda Hidenori、Ohta Kenji
    • Journal Title

      Scientific Reports

      Volume: 11 Pages: 20894

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41598-021-99240-w

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Tidal Evolution of the Eccentric Moon around Dwarf Planet (225088) Gonggong2021

    • Author(s)
      Arakawa Sota、Hyodo Ryuki、Shoji Daigo、Genda Hidenori
    • Journal Title

      The Astronomical Journal

      Volume: 162 Pages: 226

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-3881/ac1f91

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] SPH simulations for shape deformation of rubble-pile asteroids through spinup: The challenge for making top-shaped asteroids Ryugu and Bennu2021

    • Author(s)
      Sugiura Keisuke、Kobayashi Hiroshi、Watanabe Sei-ichiro、Genda Hidenori、Hyodo Ryuki、Inutsuka Shu-ichiro
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 365 Pages: 114505

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114505

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Erosion and Accretion by Cratering Impacts on Rocky and Icy Bodies2021

    • Author(s)
      Hyodo Ryuki、Genda Hidenori
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 913 Pages: 77

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/abf6d8

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Mars’ atmospheric neon suggests volatile-rich primitive mantle2021

    • Author(s)
      Kurokawa Hiroyuki、Miura Yayoi N.、Sugita Seiji、Cho Yuichiro、Leblanc Francois、Terada Naoki、Nakagawa Hiromu
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 370 Pages: 114685

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114685

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Hydrated crust stores Mars' missing water2021

    • Author(s)
      Kurokawa Hiroyuki
    • Journal Title

      Science

      Volume: 372 Pages: 27~28

    • DOI

      10.1126/science.abh4469

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Searching for life on Mars and its moons2021

    • Author(s)
      Hyodo Ryuki、Usui Tomohiro
    • Journal Title

      Science

      Volume: 373 Pages: 742

    • DOI

      10.1126/science.abj1512

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Forming pressure traps at the snow line to isolate isotopic reservoirs in the absence of a planet2021

    • Author(s)
      Charnoz S.、Avice G.、Hyodo R.、Pignatale F. C.、Chaussidon M.
    • Journal Title

      Astronomy & Astrophysics

      Volume: 652 Pages: A35

    • DOI

      10.1051/0004-6361/202038797

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Tidal pull of the Earth strips the proto-Moon of its volatiles2021

    • Author(s)
      Charnoz Sebastien、Sossi Paolo A.、Lee Yueh-Ning、Siebert Julien、Hyodo Ryuki、Allibert Laetitia、Pignatale Francesco C.、Landeau Maylis、Oza Apurva V.、Moynier Frederic
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 364 Pages: 114451

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114451

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Preliminary analysis of the Hayabusa2 samples returned from C-type asteroid Ryugu2021

    • Author(s)
      Yada Toru、Abe Masanao、Okada Tatsuaki、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Nature Astronomy

      Volume: 6 Pages: 214~220

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41550-021-01550-6

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] YORP Effect on Asteroid 162173 Ryugu: Implications for the Dynamical History2021

    • Author(s)
      Kanamaru Masanori、Sasaki Sho、Morota Tomokatsu、Cho Yuichiro、Tatsumi Eri、Hirabayashi Masatoshi、Hirata Naru、Senshu Hiroki、Shimaki Yuri、Sakatani Naoya、Tanaka Satoshi、Okada Tatsuaki、Usui Tomohiro、Sugita Seiji、Watanabe Sei‐ichiro
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

      Volume: 126 Pages: e2021JE006863

    • DOI

      10.1029/2021JE006863

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] In situ science on Phobos with the Raman spectrometer for MMX (RAX): preliminary design and feasibility of Raman measurements2021

    • Author(s)
      Cho Yuichiro、Bottger Ute、Rull Fernando、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 73 Pages: 232

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-021-01496-z

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Surface environment of Phobos and Phobos simulant UTPS2021

    • Author(s)
      Miyamoto Hideaki、Niihara Takafumi、Wada Koji、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 73 Pages: 214

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-021-01406-3

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Analytical protocols for Phobos regolith samples returned by the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission2021

    • Author(s)
      Fujiya Wataru、Furukawa Yoshihiro、Sugahara Haruna、Koike Mizuho、Bajo Ken-ichi、Chabot Nancy L.、Miura Yayoi N.、Moynier Frederic、Russell Sara S.、Tachibana Shogo、Takano Yoshinori、Usui Tomohiro、Zolensky Michael E.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 73 Pages: 120

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-021-01438-9

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Survey of impact glasses in shergottites searching for Martian sulfate using X-ray absorption near-edge structure2021

    • Author(s)
      Shidare Masashi、Nakada Ryoichi、Usui Tomohiro、Tobita Minato、Shimizu Kenji、Takahashi Yoshio、Yokoyama Tetsuya
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 313 Pages: 85~98

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2021.08.026

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Enceladus as a potential oasis for life: Science goals and investigations for future explorations2021

    • Author(s)
      Choblet Gael、Tobie Gabriel、Buch Arnaud、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Experimental Astronomy

      Volume: online Pages: online

    • DOI

      10.1007/s10686-021-09808-7

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] High-μ signature in lavas of Mt. Oku: Implications for lithospheric and asthenospheric contributions to the magmatism of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (West Africa)2021

    • Author(s)
      Asaah A.N.E.、Yokoyama T.、Iwamori H.、Aka F.T.、Kuritani T.、Usui T.、Tamen J.、Gountie Dedzo M.、Chako-Tchamab? B.、Hasegawa T.、Nche L.A.、Ohba T.
    • Journal Title

      Lithos

      Volume: 400-401 Pages: 106416

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106416

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Spatial distribution and speciation of sulfur in Ediacaran limestones with μ-XRF imaging and XANES spectroscopy: Implications for diagenetic mobilization of sulfur species2021

    • Author(s)
      Matsu'ura Fumihiro、Nakada Ryoichi、Usui Tomohiro、Sawaki Yusuke、Ueno Yuichiro、Kajitani Iori、Saitoh Masafumi
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 306 Pages: 20~43

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2021.05.010

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] A New Constraint on the Physicochemical Condition of Mars Surface during the Amazonian Epoch Based on Chemical Speciation for Secondary Minerals in Martian Nakhlites2021

    • Author(s)
      Suga Hiroki、Suzuki Keika、Usui Tomohiro、Yamaguchi Akira、Sekizawa Oki、Nitta Kiyofumi、Takeichi Yasuo、Ohigashi Takuji、Takahashi Yoshio
    • Journal Title

      Minerals

      Volume: 11 Pages: 514

    • DOI

      10.3390/min11050514

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Spectrally blue hydrated parent body of asteroid (162173) Ryugu2021

    • Author(s)
      Tatsumi Eri、Sakatani Naoya、Riu Lucie、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Nature Communications

      Volume: 12 Pages: 5837

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41467-021-26071-8

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Science operation plan of Phobos and Deimos from the MMX spacecraft2021

    • Author(s)
      Nakamura Tomoki、Ikeda Hitoshi、Kouyama Toru、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 73 Pages: 227

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-021-01546-6

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] High-resolution observations of bright boulders on asteroid Ryugu: 2. Spectral properties2021

    • Author(s)
      Sugimoto Chiho、Tatsumi Eri、Cho Yuichiro、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 369 Pages: 114591

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114591

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Design of telescopic nadir imager for geomorphology (TENGOO) and observation of surface reflectance by optical chromatic imager (OROCHI) for the Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)2021

    • Author(s)
      Kameda Shingo、Ozaki Masanobu、Enya Keigo、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 73 Pages: 218

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-021-01462-9

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] High-resolution observations of bright boulders on asteroid Ryugu: 1. Size frequency distribution and morphology2021

    • Author(s)
      Sugimoto Chiho、Tatsumi Eri、Cho Yuichiro、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 369 Pages: 114529

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114529

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Water-susceptible primordial noble gas components in less-altered CR chondrites: A possible link to cometary materials2021

    • Author(s)
      Obase Tomoya、Nakashima Daisuke、Choi Jisu、Enokido Yuma、Matsumoto Megumi、Nakamura Tomoki
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 312 Pages: 75~105

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2021.08.012

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Anaerobic Microscopic Analysis of Ferrous Saponite and Its Sensitivity to Oxidation by Earth’s Air: Lessons Learned for Analysis of Returned Samples from Mars and Carbonaceous Asteroids2021

    • Author(s)
      Noda Natsumi、Yamashita Shohei、Takahashi Yoshio、Matsumoto Megumi、Enokido Yuma、Amano Kana、Kawai Takahiro、Sakuma Hiroshi、Fukushi Keisuke、Sekine Yasuhito、Nakamura Tomoki
    • Journal Title

      Minerals

      Volume: 11 Pages: 1244

    • DOI

      10.3390/min11111244

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Assessing the debris generated by the small carry-on impactor operated from the Hayabusa2 mission2021

    • Author(s)
      Ito Motoo、Takano Yoshinori、Kebukawa Yoko、Ohigashi Takuji、Matsuoka Moe、Kiryu Kento、Uesugi Masayuki、Nakamura Tomoki、Yuzawa Hayato、Yamada Keita、Naraoka Hiroshi、Yada Toru、Abe Masanao、Hayakawa Masahiko、Saiki Takanao、Tachibana Shogo、Hayabusa II Project Team
    • Journal Title

      GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

      Volume: 55 Pages: 223~239

    • DOI

      10.2343/geochemj.2.0632

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Presentation] Formation of Ryugu: Approach from numerical simulations with physical properties measured in Ryugu samples2022

    • Author(s)
      Genda, H., K. Kurosawa, S. Wakita, R. et al.
    • Organizer
      53rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 後期集積の現状理解2022

    • Author(s)
      玄田英典
    • Organizer
      第23回 惑星圏研究会
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Mars Atmospheric Neon Probes Mantle Volatile Content and Early Surface Environment2022

    • Author(s)
      H Kurokawa, S Sugita, T Yoshida et al.
    • Organizer
      53rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Distant Formation and Water-Rock Differentiation of Large C-Complex Asteroids2022

    • Author(s)
      H Kurokawa, T Shibuya, Y Sekine, et al.
    • Organizer
      53rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Erosion and accretion by cratering impacts on rocky and icy bodies: Formulation of scaling relations for high-speed ejecta2021

    • Author(s)
      Genda, H., and Hyodo, R.
    • Organizer
      Europlanet Science Congress 2021
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Late accretion to Mercury: Global cratering, crust erosion, and accretion of exogenic materials2021

    • Author(s)
      Hyodo, R., Genda, H., Brasser, R.
    • Organizer
      Europlanet Science Congress 2021
    • Int'l Joint Research

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Published: 2022-12-28  

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