• Search Research Projects
  • Search Researchers
  • How to Use
  1. Back to project page

2021 Fiscal Year Annual Research Report

Light elements in the Earth's core revealed by ultrahigh-pressure experiments

Research Project

Project/Area Number 21H04968
Research InstitutionThe University of Tokyo

Principal Investigator

廣瀬 敬  東京大学, 大学院理学系研究科(理学部), 教授 (50270921)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) 太田 健二  東京工業大学, 理学院, 准教授 (20727218)
坂本 直哉  北海道大学, 創成研究機構, 助教 (30466429)
梅本 幸一郎  東京工業大学, 地球生命研究所, 研究員 (60726991)
圦本 尚義  北海道大学, 理学研究院, 教授 (80191485)
Alfred Baron  国立研究開発法人理化学研究所, 放射光科学研究センター, グループディレクター (90442920)
Project Period (FY) 2021-05-18 – 2026-03-31
Keywordsコア / 軽元素 / 鉄合金 / 超高圧 / ダイヤモンドセル
Outline of Annual Research Achievements

レーザー加熱式ダイヤモンドセル(DAC)を用いて、液体と固体の鉄・鉄合金につき、高圧高温実験を行った。液体鉄合金の密度・速度に関する測定は本年度は特に液体FeOについて進めた。放射光施設SPring-8のビームラインBL10XUにおけるX線回折(XRD)測定により液体の密度を、同じくBL43LXUでX線非弾性散乱(IXS)法によって液体の縦波速度を決定することができた。鉄合金のリキダス相関係については、まずFe-H合金中の水素量の決定を目指し、北大の二次イオン質量分析法(SIMS)を使ったクライオ条件下での分析法の開発を進めた。その過程で、下部マントル鉱物であるCaCl2型とa-PbO2型のSiO2相に数wt%もの水が含まれること、さらに3000K以上の超高温でもその水はSiO2相から脱水しないことが思いがけず見つかった。さらにFe-C-O三成分系の実験も行い、200GPaまでのリキダス相関係を明らかにし、地球外核の可能な組成範囲を見積もって、コアに水素が不可欠であることを示した。固体鉄合金の密度については、SPring-8のBL10XUにおけるXRD測定により、固体FeHの密度をコアの高圧高温下で決定し、高温の状態方程式を得ることができた。固体鉄の音速については、SPring-8のBL43LXUにおけるIXS測定と長時間の安定した加熱が可能な内部抵抗加熱式DACを組み合わせ、高圧高温下での測定データが得られた。コア形成時の金属-シリケイト分配についても、BL10XUにおけるXRD測定と北大におけるSIMS測定の組み合わせによって、水素・炭素・硫黄の分配係数を同時に決定する実験を進めた。

Current Status of Research Progress
Current Status of Research Progress

1: Research has progressed more than it was originally planned.

Reason

理由は、当初予見していなかった成果として、沈み込む海洋プレート(スラブ)によってマントル深部へと輸送された水が、マントルの底の超高温下でもスラブから脱水しないことがわかったことにある。これにより、マントル最下部の大きな地震波速度異常の成因も見直す必要があることが明らかになった。従来、海洋プレートからの脱水がマントルの融解やコアとの化学反応を引き起こし、コア-マントル境界域に大きな地震波速度異常を作ると広く信じられてきた。実際、マントルの底付近には大きな地震波速度異常が数多く観測される。この異常の成因を理解することは、コアとマントルの相互作用や共進化を理解する上で極めて重要とされる。これまで、沈み込むスラブによって輸送されてきた水が、マントルの底の超高温下で脱水し、融解・物質移動・コアとの化学反応を起こした結果と解釈されることが多かった。しかしながら、今回の発見により、マントルの底の速度異常はスラブからの脱水とは無関係であり、代わりにマグマオーシャンの名残、もしくは高温のコアに加熱されたマントル側の融解に起因する可能性が高いことがわかった。この結果がマントル深部の地震学、地球化学、ダイナミクスの研究へ与えるインパクトは間違いなく大きい。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

本研究の主目的である「コアの軽元素組成の解明」を進めるのに、鍵となるのが水素を含む鉄合金系の状態図の研究である。今後は、クライオ条件下でのSIMS分析を進め、Fe-H合金中の水素量を決定しつつ、状態図(具体的には、共融点組成、温度、固体-液体鉄間の水素の分配)を明らかにすることが肝要である。これにより、研究開始当初に見積もった、地球コアの軽元素組成の可能な範囲をかなり狭く制約することができるようになる。さらに、内核の地震学的観測を使った内核の軽元素組成の制約に向け、固体鉄の密度・速度の精密測定をさらに高圧高温へ拡張する必要がある。同時に、内核の可能な軽元素組成から元素分配係数を用いて外核の可能な組成範囲を見積もることが重要である。それには、固体鉄-液体間の軽元素の分配をできるだけ高圧で、しかも軽元素同士の相互作用も考慮して決定することが今後大切である。その他、当初の計画に基づき、液体・固体の鉄合金の特性、鉄合金多成分系のリキダス相関係、シリケイト-金属間の軽元素の分配を、高圧実験・熱力学計算・第一原理計算を駆使して明らかにしていく。

  • Research Products

    (42 results)

All 2022 2021 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (2 results) Journal Article (39 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 13 results,  Peer Reviewed: 39 results,  Open Access: 18 results) Presentation (1 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 1 results,  Invited: 1 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] Utrecht University(オランダ)

    • Country Name
      NETHERLANDS
    • Counterpart Institution
      Utrecht University
  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Oxford(英国)

    • Country Name
      UNITED KINGDOM
    • Counterpart Institution
      University of Oxford
  • [Journal Article] Heat flow from the Earth's core inferred from experimentally determined thermal conductivity of the deep lower mantle.2022

    • Author(s)
      Yoshiyuki Okuda, & Kenji Ohta.
    • Journal Title

      AGU books

      Volume: - Pages: -

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Post‐Perovskite Phase Transition in the Pyrolitic Lowermost Mantle: Implications for Ubiquitous Occurrence of Post‐Perovskite Above CMB2022

    • Author(s)
      Kuwayama Yasuhiro、Hirose Kei、Cobden Laura、Kusakabe Mayu、Tateno Shigehiko、Ohishi Yasuo
    • Journal Title

      Geophysical Research Letters

      Volume: 49 Pages: e2021GL096219

    • DOI

      10.1029/2021GL096219

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Inter- and intra-crystal quartz δ18O homogeneity at Okataina volcano, Aotearoa New Zealand: Implications for rhyolite genesis2022

    • Author(s)
      Sas May、Shane Phil、Kawasaki Noriyuki、Sakamoto Naoya、Zellmer Georg F.、Yurimoto Hisayoshi
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

      Volume: 421 Pages: 107430~107430

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107430

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] The Fe-FeSi phase diagram at Mercury’s core conditions2022

    • Author(s)
      Edmund E.、Morard G.、Baron M. A.、Rivoldini A.、Yokoo S.、Boccato S.、Hirose K.、Pakhomova A.、Antonangeli D.
    • Journal Title

      Nature Communications

      Volume: 13 Pages: -

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41467-022-27991-9

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Stratification in planetary cores by liquid immiscibility in Fe-S-H2022

    • Author(s)
      Yokoo Shunpei、Hirose Kei、Tagawa Shoh、Morard Guillaume、Ohishi Yasuo
    • Journal Title

      Nature Communications

      Volume: 13 Pages: 644

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41467-022-28274-z

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Pebbles and sand on asteroid (162173) Ryugu: In situ observation and particles returned to Earth2022

    • Author(s)
      Tachibana S.、Sawada H.、Okazaki R.、Takano Y.、Sakamoto K.、(Yurimoto H. 110名中14番目)
    • Journal Title

      Science

      Volume: 375 Pages: 1011~1016

    • DOI

      10.1126/science.abj8624

    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] High‐Temperature Equation of State of FeH: Implications for Hydrogen in Earth's Inner Core2022

    • Author(s)
      Tagawa Shoh、Gomi Hitoshi、Hirose Kei、Ohishi Yasuo
    • Journal Title

      Geophysical Research Letters

      Volume: 49 Pages: e2021GL096260

    • DOI

      10.1029/2021GL096260

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Do electron distributions with orbital degree of freedom exhibit anisotropy?2022

    • Author(s)
      Manjo Taishun、Kitou Shunsuke、Katayama Naoyuki、Nakamura Shin、Katsufuji Takuro、Nii Yoichi、Arima Taka-hisa、Nasu Joji、Hasegawa Takumi、Sugimoto Kunihisa、Ishikawa Daisuke、Baron Alfred Q. R.、Sawa Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      Materials Advances

      Volume: 3 Pages: 3192~3198

    • DOI

      10.1039/D1MA01113H

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Olivine Melt Inclusion Constraints on Some Intensive Properties of Subvolcanic Crystal Mushes and Their Evolution through Boundary Layer Fractionation in Northern Japan2022

    • Author(s)
      Brahm R、Zellmer G F、Kuritani T、Sakamoto N、Yurimoto H、Nakagawa M、Sato E
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Petrology

      Volume: 63 Pages: -

    • DOI

      10.1093/petrology/egac016

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] 161Dy synchrotron-radiation-based Mossbauer absorption spectroscopy2022

    • Author(s)
      Masuda Ryo、Kitao Shinji、Tajima Hiroyuki、Taniguchi Hiroki、Mitsui Takaya、Fujiwara Kosuke、Yoda Yoshitaka、Nagasawa Nobumoto、Ishikawa Daisuke、Baron Alfred. Q. R.、Yoshida Takefumi、Sato Tetsu、Katoh Keiichi、Kobayashi Hisao、Seto Makoto
    • Journal Title

      Hyperfine Interactions

      Volume: 243 Pages: -

    • DOI

      10.1007/s10751-022-01802-5

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] High-Pressure XAFS Measurements of the Coordination Environments of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in Basaltic Glasses2022

    • Author(s)
      Ozawa Keisuke、Hirose Kei、Takahashi Yoshio
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

      Volume: 127 Pages: e2021JB023902

    • DOI

      10.1029/2021JB023902

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 核共鳴散乱を利用した実験のBL35XU 移転による アップグレードとコミッショニング2021

    • Author(s)
      依田 芳卓、永澤 延元、バロン アルフレッド
    • Journal Title

      SPring-8/SACLA Information

      Volume: Vol.26 No.4 Pages: -

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Inelastic X-ray Scattering Study of the Cage-structured Compound PrRh2Zn202021

    • Author(s)
      Wakiya Kazuhei、Onimaru Takahiro、Tsutsui Satoshi、Hasegawa Takumi、Matsumoto Keisuke T.、Yamane Yu、Nagasawa Naohiro、Baron Alfred Q. R.、Ogita Norio、Udagawa Masayuki、Takabatake Toshiro
    • Journal Title

      Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

      Volume: 90 Pages: 024602~024602

    • DOI

      10.7566/JPSJ.90.024602

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Widespread Tissintite in Strongly Shock‐Lithified Lunar Regolith Breccias2021

    • Author(s)
      Zhang Ai‐Cheng、Jiang Qin‐Ting、Tomioka Naotaka、Guo Yan‐Jun、Chen Jia‐Ni、Li Yang、Sakamoto Naoya、Yurimoto Hisayoshi
    • Journal Title

      Geophysical Research Letters

      Volume: 48 Pages: e2020GL091554

    • DOI

      10.1029/2020GL091554

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Hydrogen isotopic exchange kinetics between organic matter and water: Implications for chemical evolution during meteorite parent body processing2021

    • Author(s)
      Kebukawa Yoko、Kobayashi Sachio、Kawasaki Noriyuki、Wang Ying、Yurimoto Hisayoshi、Cody George D.
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics&Planetary Science

      Volume: 56 Pages: 440~454

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.13629

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Practical measurement of the energy resolution for meV-resolved inelastic X-ray scattering2021

    • Author(s)
      Ishikawa Daisuke、Baron Alfred Q. R.
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Synchrotron Radiation

      Volume: 28 Pages: 804~811

    • DOI

      10.1107/S1600577521003234

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Hydrogen diffusion mechanism in the mantle deduced from H-D interdiffusion in wadsleyite2021

    • Author(s)
      Sun Wei、Yoshino Takashi、Sakamoto Naoya、Yurimoto Hisayoshi
    • Journal Title

      Earth and Planetary Science Letters

      Volume: 561 Pages: 116815~116815

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116815

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A super‐refractory inclusion containing nonstoichiometric spinel from the CO3.0 chondrite Yamato 810202021

    • Author(s)
      Yurimoto Hisayoshi、Rubin Alan E.、Itoh Shoichi、Wasson John T.、Krot Alexander
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics&Planetary Science

      Volume: 57 Pages: 472~483

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.13652

    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] The pressure-induced local structural change around tungsten in silicate glass2021

    • Author(s)
      Ozawa K.、Hirose K.、Kuwayama Y.、Takahashi Y.
    • Journal Title

      Geochemical Perspectives Letters

      Volume: 18 Pages: 6~10

    • DOI

      10.7185/geochemlet.2116

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Electric field control of antiferroelectric domain pattern2021

    • Author(s)
      Vakhrushev S. B.、Andronikova D.、Bronwald Iu.、Koroleva E. Yu.、Chernyshov D.、Filimonov A. V.、Udovenko S. A.、Rudskoy A. I.、Ishikawa D.、Baron A. Q. R.、Bosak A.、Leontiev I. N.、Tagantsev Alexander K.
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review B

      Volume: 103 Pages: 214108

    • DOI

      10.1103/PhysRevB.103.214108

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Collective dynamics of liquid acetone investigated by inelastic X-ray scattering2021

    • Author(s)
      Hosokawa Shinya、Kamiyama Takashi、Yoshida Koji、Yamaguchi Toshio、Tsutsui Satoshi、Baron Alfred Q.R.
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Molecular Liquids

      Volume: 332 Pages: 115825~115825

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115825

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Origin of minerals in akermanite-rich patch texture and oxygen isotopic evolution of compact Type A Ca-Al-rich inclusions from the Northwest Africa 7865 CV chondrite2021

    • Author(s)
      Suzumura Akimasa、Kawasaki Noriyuki、Seto Yusuke、Yurimoto Hisayoshi、Itoh Shoichi
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 303 Pages: 51~65

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2021.03.030

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Liquidus Phase Relations and Solid‐Liquid Partitioning in the Fe‐Si‐C System Under Core Pressures2021

    • Author(s)
      Hasegawa Masahiro、Hirose Kei、Oka Kenta、Ohishi Yasuo
    • Journal Title

      Geophysical Research Letters

      Volume: 48 Pages: e2021GL092681

    • DOI

      10.1029/2021GL092681

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Oxygen and Al‐Mg isotopic constraints on cooling rate and age of partial melting of an Allende Type B CAI, Golfball2021

    • Author(s)
      Kawasaki Noriyuki、Itoh Shoichi、Sakamoto Naoya、Simon Steven B.、Yamamoto Daiki、Yurimoto Hisayoshi、Marrocchi Yves
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics&Planetary Science

      Volume: 56 Pages: 1224~1239

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.13701

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Interaction of Acoustic and Quasi-Elastic Modes in Liquid Water on Nanometer Length Scales2021

    • Author(s)
      Ishikawa Daisuke、Baron Alfred Q.R.
    • Journal Title

      Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

      Volume: 90 Pages: 083602~083602

    • DOI

      10.7566/JPSJ.90.083602

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Origin of hydrogen isotopic variations in chondritic water and organics2021

    • Author(s)
      Piani Laurette、Marrocchi Yves、Vacher Lionel G.、Yurimoto Hisayoshi、Bizzarro Martin
    • Journal Title

      Earth and Planetary Science Letters

      Volume: 567 Pages: 117008~117008

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117008

    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Effect of symmetry breaking on short-wavelength acoustic phonons in the chiral magnet MnSi2021

    • Author(s)
      Nii Y.、Hirokane Y.、Koretsune T.、Ishikawa D.、Baron A. Q. R.、Onose Y.
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review B

      Volume: 104 Pages: L081101

    • DOI

      10.1103/PhysRevB.104.L081101

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Longitudinal acoustic and higher-energy excitations in the liquid phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te52021

    • Author(s)
      Inui M.、Kajihara Y.、Hosokawa S.、Chiba A.、Nakajima Y.、Matsuda K.、Tsuchiya Y.、Stellhorn J. R.、Hagiya T.、Uchiyama H.、Tsutsui S.、Baron A. Q. R.
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review B

      Volume: 104 Pages: 064202

    • DOI

      10.1103/PhysRevB.104.064202

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Light elements in the Earth’s core2021

    • Author(s)
      Hirose Kei、Wood Bernard、Vocadlo Lidunka
    • Journal Title

      Nature Reviews Earth&Environment

      Volume: 2 Pages: 645~658

    • DOI

      10.1038/s43017-021-00203-6

    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] 2-Dimensional Ion Detector ‘SCAPS’2021

    • Author(s)
      Sakamoto Naoya
    • Journal Title

      Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan

      Volume: 69 Pages: 176~181

    • DOI

      10.5702/massspec.S21-40

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Low-spin ferric iron in primordial bridgmanite crystallized from a deep magma ocean2021

    • Author(s)
      Okuda Yoshiyuki、Ohta Kenji、Nishihara Yu、Hirao Naohisa、Wakamatsu Tatsuya、Suehiro Sho、Kawaguchi Saori I.、Ohishi Yasuo
    • Journal Title

      Scientific Reports

      Volume: 11 Pages: 19471

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41598-021-98991-w

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Numerous chondritic impactors and oxidized magma ocean set Earth’s volatile depletion2021

    • Author(s)
      Sakuraba Haruka、Kurokawa Hiroyuki、Genda Hidenori、Ohta Kenji
    • Journal Title

      Scientific Reports

      Volume: 11 Pages: 20894

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41598-021-99240-w

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Thermal conductivity of CaSiO3 perovskite at lower mantle conditions2021

    • Author(s)
      Zhang Zhen、Zhang Dong-Bo、Onga Kotaro、Hasegawa Akira、Ohta Kenji、Hirose Kei、Wentzcovitch Renata M.
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review B

      Volume: 104 Pages: 184101

    • DOI

      10.1103/PhysRevB.104.184101

    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Shallow magmatic processes revealed by cryptic microantecrysts: a case study from the Taupo Volcanic Zone2021

    • Author(s)
      Lormand Charline、Zellmer Georg Florian、Sakamoto Naoya、Ubide Teresa、Kilgour Geoff、Yurimoto Hisayoshi、Palmer Alan、N?meth Karoly、Iizuka Yoshiyuki、Moebis Anja
    • Journal Title

      Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology

      Volume: 176 Pages: -

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00410-021-01857-7

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] An experimental study on oxygen isotope exchange reaction between CAI melt and low-pressure water vapor under simulated Solar nebular conditions2021

    • Author(s)
      Yamamoto Daiki、Kawasaki Noriyuki、Tachibana Shogo、Kamibayashi Michiru、Yurimoto Hisayoshi
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 314 Pages: 108~120

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2021.09.016

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Universal Two-Component Dynamics in Supercritical Fluids2021

    • Author(s)
      Sun Peihao、Hastings J. B.、Ishikawa Daisuke、Baron Alfred Q. R.、Monaco Giulio
    • Journal Title

      The Journal of Physical Chemistry B

      Volume: 125 Pages: 13494~13501

    • DOI

      10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07900

    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Effect of Hydrogen Gas Pressure on Calcium-Aluminum-rich Inclusion Formation in the Protosolar Disk: a Laboratory Simulation of Open-system Melt Crystallization2021

    • Author(s)
      Kamibayashi Michiru、Tachibana Shogo、Yamamoto Daiki、Kawasaki Noriyuki、Yurimoto Hisayoshi
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal Letters

      Volume: 923 Pages: L12~L12

    • DOI

      10.3847/2041-8213/ac3c41

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Allocation of Carbon from an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus, Gigaspora margarita, to Its Gram-Negative and Positive Endobacteria Revealed by High-Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry2021

    • Author(s)
      Kuga Yukari、Wu Ting-Di、Sakamoto Naoya、Katsuyama Chie、Yurimoto Hisayoshi
    • Journal Title

      Microorganisms

      Volume: 9 Pages: 2597~2597

    • DOI

      10.3390/microorganisms9122597

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Preliminary analysis of the Hayabusa2 samples returned from C-type asteroid Ryugu2021

    • Author(s)
      Yada Toru、Abe Masanao、Okada Tatsuaki、(Sakamoto Kanako 102名中48番目)、(Yurimoto Hisayoshi 102名中48番目)
    • Journal Title

      Nature Astronomy

      Volume: 6 Pages: 214~220

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41550-021-01550-6

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Presentation] Exploring Earth’s core composition2021

    • Author(s)
      Hirose, K.
    • Organizer
      23rd International Mineralogical Association General Meeting (IMA)
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited

URL: 

Published: 2023-12-25  

Information User Guide FAQ News Terms of Use Attribution of KAKENHI

Powered by NII kakenhi