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2013 Fiscal Year Final Research Report

Development of laser-induced plasma - optical emission spectrometer system for advanced sorting of scrapped materials

Research Project

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Project/Area Number 23310049
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Research Field Environmental technology/Environmental materials
Research InstitutionTohoku University

Principal Investigator

WAGATSUMA KAZUAKI  東北大学, 金属材料研究所, 教授 (30158597)

Project Period (FY) 2011-04-01 – 2014-03-31
Keywordsリサイクル技術
Research Abstract

An analytical system based on atomic emission excited by laser-induced plasma (LIP) was developed and employed for the element-based sorting of actual scrapped samples. An optimal experimental condition for the LIP system was investigated in time-resolved and modulation detections of their emission intensities. A sorting of stainless steels was conduced by estimating the contents of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum, in them, and also small amounts of copper in steel samples could be determined by using the LIP optical emission spectrometer.

  • Research Products

    (65 results)

All 2014 2013 2012 2011 Other

All Journal Article (16 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 16 results) Presentation (48 results) (of which Invited: 4 results) Remarks (1 results)

  • [Journal Article] Comparative study on the emission spectrometric determination of manganese using nitrogen-oxygen Okamoto-cavity microwave induced plasma and argon radio-frequency inductively-coupled plasma2014

    • Author(s)
      Y. Arai, S. Sato, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      Microchem. J

      Volume: 116 Pages: 135-141

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.microc.2014.04.017

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Spatially-resolved spectral image of a microwave-induced plasma with Okamoto- cavity for nitridation of steel substrate2014

    • Author(s)
      S. Sato, Y. Arai, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      Anal. Sci.

      Volume: 30(2) Pages: 237-243

    • DOI

      10.2116/analsci.30.237

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Characteriscitc of the calibration curves of copper for the rapid sorting of steel scrap by means of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy under ambient air atmospheres2013

    • Author(s)
      S. Kashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      Anal. Sci.

      Volume: 29(12) Pages: 1159-1164

    • DOI

      10.2116/analsci.29.585

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Rapid determination of small amounts of copper in steel scraps by laser-induced plasma spectrometry2013

    • Author(s)
      L. Zhang, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      ISIJ Int.

      Volume: 53(12) Pages: 2201-2205

    • DOI

      10.2355/isijinternational.53.2201

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Emission spectrometric analysis using an Okamoto-cavity microwave-induced plasma with nitrogen-oxygen mixed gas2013

    • Author(s)
      Y. Arai, S. Sato, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      ISIJ Int.

      Volume: 53(11) Pages: 1993-1999

    • DOI

      10.2355/isijinternational.53.1993

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Two-dimensional observation of emission image of a copper chip excited in a glow discharge plasma2013

    • Author(s)
      M. Matsuura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      ISIJ Int.

      Volume: 53(11) Pages: 1923-1926

    • DOI

      10.2355/isijinternational.53.1923

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Spatially resolved observation of a radio-frequency-powered glow discharge plasma for emission spectrometric analysis2013

    • Author(s)
      R. Oka, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      Anal. Sci.

      Volume: 29(5) Pages: 585-590

    • DOI

      10.2116/analsci.29.585

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Comparative Studies on the Excitation Mechanism of Fe II Lines in Low Pressure Laser-Induced Plasma of Argon and Neon2013

    • Author(s)
      L. Zhang, S. Kashiwakura, K.Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      Spectrosc. Lett.

      Volume: 46(1) Pages: 1-12

    • DOI

      10.1080/00387010.2012.656875

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Determination of Minor Alloyed Elements in Steel Samples in Radio-frequency Glow Discharge Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry Associated with Pulsed Bias-Current Modulation Technique2012

    • Author(s)
      S. Urushibata, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      ISIJ International

      Volume: 52, No.9 Pages: 1622-1627

    • DOI

      10.2355/isijinternational.52.1622

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Excitation Processes in Introduction of Bias Current to a Radio-frequency Glow Discharge Plasma Evaluated from Boltzmann Plots of Iron Atomic and Ionic Spectral Lines2012

    • Author(s)
      K. Wagatsuma, R. Oka, S. Urushibata
    • Journal Title

      Anal. Sci.

      Volume: 28(8) Pages: 759-766

    • DOI

      10.2116/analsci.28.759

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Deviation from Boltzmann Distribution in Excited Energy Levels of Singly-ionized Iron in an Argon Glow Discharge Plasma for Atomic Emission Spectrometry2012

    • Author(s)
      L. Zhang, S. Kashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      Spectrochim. Acta Part B

      Volume: 67 Pages: 24-31

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.sab.2011.12.005

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 減圧レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分析法を用いたFe基合金中の Ni の定量分析2012

    • Author(s)
      阿部 千景, 我妻 和明
    • Journal Title

      鉄と鋼

      Volume: 98(2) Pages: 63-68

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Boltzmann Statistical Consideration on the Excitation Mechanism of Iron Atomic Lines Emitted from Glow Discharge Plasmas2011

    • Author(s)
      L. Zhang, S. Kashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      Spectrochim. Acta Part B

      Volume: 66 Pages: 785-792

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.sab.2011.10.002

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Spatially-resolved Observation of the Excitation Temperature in a Glow Discharge Plasma for Atomic Emission Spectrometry2011

    • Author(s)
      M. Matsuura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      Anal. Sci.

      Volume: 27 Pages: 231-235

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Metallurgical Consideration on the Calibration Curve for Binary Alloy Samples in Low-pressure Argon Laser-induced Plasma Spectrometry2011

    • Author(s)
      Y. Sasaki, H. Shimada, K. Wagatsuma
    • Journal Title

      Anal. Sci.

      Volume: 27 Pages: 453-456

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分光法における鉄-クロム合金の原子化及び励起挙動の解析と検量線の作成2011

    • Author(s)
      島田 温彦, 我妻 和明
    • Journal Title

      分析化学

      Volume: 60 Pages: 59-65

    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] Non-LTE behaviour of argon and krypton glow discharge plasmas estimated from the intensity analysis of nickel atomic lines2014

    • Author(s)
      K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      2nd International Glow Discharge Soectroscopy Symposium
    • Place of Presentation
      Praha, Czech Republic
    • Year and Date
      20140407-09
  • [Presentation] 大気圧 LIBS による鉄鋼スクラップ中のトランプエレメントの簡易検出2014

    • Author(s)
      柏倉 俊介, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      素材産業から見た自動車リサイクル研究会最終報告会, 日本鉄鋼協会第167回春季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京工業大学
    • Year and Date
      20140321-23
  • [Presentation] Laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry for application to element-based sorting of steel scraps2013

    • Author(s)
      L. Zhang, S. Sashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      World Green Energy & Resorces Congress 2013
    • Place of Presentation
      Changwon, Korea
    • Year and Date
      20131028-29
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 鉄鋼のプラズマ窒化反応における窒素励起状態の効果2013

    • Author(s)
      佐藤 成男, 荒井 勇喜, 我妻 和明, 山下昇, 古城 篤志, 児玉 憲治, 岡本 幸雄, 大津 直史
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第166回秋季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      金沢大学
    • Year and Date
      20130917-19
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分光分析法による介在物粒子の空間分布の迅速評価(第 2 報)2013

    • Author(s)
      笠原 岳, 柏倉 俊介, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第166回秋季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      金沢大学
    • Year and Date
      20130917-19
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分析法による鉄鋼中の微量銅の分析条件の最適化2013

    • Author(s)
      張 蕾, 柏倉 俊介, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第166回秋季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      金沢大学
    • Year and Date
      20130917-19
  • [Presentation] Investigations on the calibration lines of chromium and nickel obtained by Fe-Cr and Fe-Ni binary alloys for rapid sorting of stainless steels with the aid of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy2013

    • Author(s)
      S. Kashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      EMSLIBS 2013
    • Place of Presentation
      Bari, Italy
    • Year and Date
      20130915-20
  • [Presentation] 大気圧下LIBSを用いた低合金鋼中の微量元素の簡易定量2013

    • Author(s)
      柏倉 俊介, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本分析化学会第62年会
    • Place of Presentation
      近畿大学
    • Year and Date
      20130910-12
  • [Presentation] Okamoto-cavityマイクロ波誘導プラズマの励起機構(2)-鉄1価イオン線からの考察2013

    • Author(s)
      我妻 和明, 岡本 幸雄
    • Organizer
      日本分析化学会第62年会
    • Place of Presentation
      近畿大学
    • Year and Date
      20130910-12
  • [Presentation] Synchronized control of pulsed radio- frequency voltage and pulsed bias-current in a glow-discharge plasma excitation source for atomic emission analysis2013

    • Author(s)
      K. Satoh, S. Sato, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      ASIANALYSIS VII
    • Place of Presentation
      Fukuoka, Japan
    • Year and Date
      20130822-24
  • [Presentation] Rapid Evaluation of Alumina Inclusion Particles by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy2013

    • Author(s)
      G. Kasahara, S. Kashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      Asianalysis VII
    • Place of Presentation
      Fukuoka
    • Year and Date
      20130822-24
  • [Presentation] Investigations on the calibration curves of copper obtained from Fe-Cu binary alloys by Laser-Indued breakdown spectroscopy2013

    • Author(s)
      S. Kashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      Asianalysis VII
    • Place of Presentation
      Fukuoka
    • Year and Date
      20130822-24
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分光分析法を用いた大気圧下におけるステンレス種の判定に関する検量線の選択2013

    • Author(s)
      柏倉 俊介, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      第73回分析科学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      北海道大学函館キャンパス
    • Year and Date
      20130518-19
  • [Presentation] 高周波電力-バイアス電流二重変調型グロー放電管の発光分光分析への応用2013

    • Author(s)
      佐藤 こずえ, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      第73回分析化学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      北海道大学函館キャンパス
    • Year and Date
      20130518-19
  • [Presentation] Okamoto-cavityマイクロ波誘導プラズマの励起機構2013

    • Author(s)
      我妻 和明, 岡本 幸雄
    • Organizer
      第73回分析化学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      北海道大学函館キャンパス
    • Year and Date
      20130518-19
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分光分析法による介在物粒子の空間分布の迅速評価2013

    • Author(s)
      笠原 岳, 柏倉 俊介, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第165回春季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京電機大学
    • Year and Date
      20130327-29
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分光分析を利用した鋼スクラップ中のステンレスの判定2013

    • Author(s)
      柏倉 俊介, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第165回春季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京電機大学
    • Year and Date
      20130327-29
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分析法による鉄鋼スクラップの高度分別2013

    • Author(s)
      我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      DOWAホールディングス若手交流会,Dowa サーモテック
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋
    • Year and Date
      2013-12-12
  • [Presentation] LIBSの原理と最新の研究動向2013

    • Author(s)
      我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      レーザーアブレーションワークショップ2013
    • Place of Presentation
      幕張メッセ, 千葉
    • Year and Date
      2013-09-04
  • [Presentation] Okamoto-cavity マイクロ波誘導プラズマを用いた発光分光分析の高感度化2013

    • Author(s)
      荒井 勇喜, 佐藤 成男, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      鋼中非金属介在物粒子の多面的評価研究会最終報告会, 日本鉄鋼協会第165回春季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京電機大学
    • Year and Date
      2013-03-29
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ及びグロー放電プラズマを用いた介在物粒子の元素イメージング2013

    • Author(s)
      松浦 宗彦, 銭谷 嘉高, 島田 温彦, 阿部千景, 笠原 岳, 柏倉 俊介, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      鋼中非金属介在物粒子の多面的評価研究会最終報告会, 日本鉄鋼協会第165回春季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京電機大学
    • Year and Date
      2013-03-29
  • [Presentation] Effect of argon gas pressure on the emission intensity from radio-frequency glow discharge plasma with pulsed bias-current introduction2012

    • Author(s)
      R. Oka, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      RATEC2012 (Recent advance in analytical techniques for steelmaking industry)
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo, Japan
    • Year and Date
      20121128-30
  • [Presentation] Investigation on the excitation mechanism of Cu II lines in Ar and Ne GDP2012

    • Author(s)
      L. Zhang, S. Kashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      RATEC2012 (Recent advance in analytical techniques for steelmaking industry)
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo, Japan
    • Year and Date
      20121128-30
  • [Presentation] The calibration curve obtained from in-air laser induced plasma spectrometry for sorting of steel scraps2012

    • Author(s)
      S. Kashiwakura, L. Zhang, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      RATEC2012 (Recent advance in analytical techniques for steelmaking industry)
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo, Japan
    • Year and Date
      20121128-30
  • [Presentation] Rapid nitriding treatment using microwave-induced nitrogen plasma at atmospheric pressuure2012

    • Author(s)
      S. Sato, Y. Arai, N. Yamashita, A. Kojyo, K. Kadama, N. Ohtsu, Y. Okamoto, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      RATEC2012 (Recent advance in analytical techniques for steelmaking industry)
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo, Japan
    • Year and Date
      20121128-30
  • [Presentation] Comparative studies on the excitation mechanism of copper ionic lines in Ar and Ne glow discharge plasmas2012

    • Author(s)
      L. Zhang, S. Kashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      ICASI2012 (International committee of analysis in steel and iron industry)
    • Place of Presentation
      Beijing, China
    • Year and Date
      20121031-1103
  • [Presentation] Rapid analysis of copper in steel scraps by means of laser-induced plasma spectroscopy2012

    • Author(s)
      S. Kashiwakura, L. Zhang, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      ICASI2012(International committee of analysis in steel and iron industry)
    • Place of Presentation
      Beijing, China
    • Year and Date
      20121031-1103
  • [Presentation] Comparative study on excitation temperature between DC-powered and RF-powered glow discharge plasmas for emission spectrometric analysis (plenary lecture)2012

    • Author(s)
      K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      ICASI2012 (International committee of analysis in steel and iron industry)
    • Place of Presentation
      Beijing, China
    • Year and Date
      20121031-1103
  • [Presentation] Rapid quantification of manganese in steel scraps by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy under atomospheric pressure2012

    • Author(s)
      S. Kashiwakura, L. Zhang, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      APLAS BALI 2012 : The 7th Asian-Pacific Landfill Syposum -Sustainable Solid Waste Management for a Better Life
    • Place of Presentation
      Bali, Indonesia
    • Year and Date
      20121008-11
  • [Presentation] Two-dimensional estimation of Okamoto- cavity Microwave Induced Plasma for optimazing the measuring conditions for the emission spectrometric analysis2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Arai, S. Sato, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      AsiaSteel 2012
    • Place of Presentation
      Beijing, China
    • Year and Date
      20120923-27
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 大気圧下レーザー誘起プラズマ発光の空間分布及び経過時間変化2012

    • Author(s)
      柏倉 俊介, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第164回秋季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      愛媛大学
    • Year and Date
      20120917-19
  • [Presentation] Spectrometric study on nitrization of a steel surface by Okamoto-cavity microwave induced plasma2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Arai, S. Sato, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      2012APWC
    • Place of Presentation
      Jeju, Korea
    • Year and Date
      20120826-29
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] イメージ分光器を用いたバイアス電流導入型グロー放電プラズマの2次元観察2012

    • Author(s)
      岡 龍一郎, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本分析化学会第72回分析化学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      鹿児島大学
    • Year and Date
      20120519-20
  • [Presentation] Exploration of excitation mechanism of iron ionic and atomic lines by Boltzmann distribution from a glow discharge plasma2012

    • Author(s)
      張蕾, 柏倉俊介, 我妻和明
    • Organizer
      日本分析化学会第72回分析化学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      鹿児島大学
    • Year and Date
      20120519-20
  • [Presentation] バイアス電流変調法を用いた高周波グロー放電発光分析法による鋼中合金元素の定量限界2012

    • Author(s)
      漆畑 里美, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第163回春季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      横浜国立大学
    • Year and Date
      20120328-30
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分光分析法を用いた鋼スクラップ中のクロムの迅速分析2012

    • Author(s)
      柏倉 俊介, 張 蕾, 島田 温彦, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第163回春季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      横浜国立大学
    • Year and Date
      20120328-30
  • [Presentation] Nitridation technique of steel materials by using nitrogen high-power mictrowave- induced plasma (plenary lecture)2012

    • Author(s)
      K. Wagatsuma, Y. Arai, S. Sato
    • Organizer
      ISAMAT2012 (The international symposium for advanced materials and analytical techniques 2012)
    • Place of Presentation
      Changwon, Korea
    • Year and Date
      2012-11-20
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分光法を用いた材料分析2012

    • Author(s)
      我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第164回秋季講演大会, シンポジウム"鉄鋼合金元素の有効活用を指向した自動車リサイクルにおける素材産業の役割"
    • Place of Presentation
      愛媛大学
    • Year and Date
      2012-09-17
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分析を用いた金属スクラップの迅速分析法の開発2011

    • Author(s)
      柏倉 俊介, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      廃棄物資源循環学会第22回研究発表会
    • Place of Presentation
      東洋大学
    • Year and Date
      20111103-05
  • [Presentation] On-site Analysis for Recycling of Steel Materials by Using Laser-induced Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry2011

    • Author(s)
      A. Shimada, C. Abe, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      17th. ATA
    • Place of Presentation
      Changwon, Korea
    • Year and Date
      20111101-03
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分析法を用いたFe-Ni合金中Ni検量線の検討2011

    • Author(s)
      阿部 千景, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第162回秋季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪大学
    • Year and Date
      20110920-22
  • [Presentation] レーザー誘起プラズマ発光分光分析法を用いた鋼スクラップ中のトランプエレメントの迅速分析2011

    • Author(s)
      柏倉 俊介, 張 蕾, 島田 温彦, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第162回秋季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪大学
    • Year and Date
      20110920-22
  • [Presentation] Comparative Study on Excitation Phenomena in Laser Induced Plasmas with Several Plasma Gases2011

    • Author(s)
      L. Zhang, S. Kashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      ICAS 2011, IUPAC International Congress on Analytical Sciences 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      Kyoto, Japan
    • Year and Date
      20110523-26
  • [Presentation] Transient Response of Emission Signals from a Pulsed Glow Discharge Plasma2011

    • Author(s)
      S. Kashiwakura, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      ICAS 2011, IUPAC International Congress on Analytical Sciences 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      Kyoto, Japan
    • Year and Date
      20110523-26
  • [Presentation] Emission Characteristics of a Microwave-induced Plasma with Nitrogen-Oxygen Mixed Plasma Gases2011

    • Author(s)
      K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      ICAS 2011, IUPAC International Congress on Analytical Sciences 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      Kyoto, Japan
    • Year and Date
      20110523-26
  • [Presentation] Effect of the Duty Ratio of Pulsed Bias Current on the Analytical Performance in Radio-Frequency Glow Discharge Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry Associated with Bias-Current Modulation Technique2011

    • Author(s)
      S. Urushibata, K. Wagatsuma
    • Organizer
      CETAS 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      Luxembourg
    • Year and Date
      20110517-19
  • [Presentation] LIBSにおけるレーザ出力とクレータ形状の相関2011

    • Author(s)
      阿部 千景, 我妻 和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第162回秋季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪大学
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-22
  • [Presentation] Scanning LIBS 法を用いた元素マッピング分析,鋼中非金属介在物粒子の多面的評価研究会シンポジウム2011

    • Author(s)
      佐々木 遥, 島田 温彦, 阿部 千景, 我妻和明
    • Organizer
      日本鉄鋼協会第162回秋季講演大会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪大学
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-22
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://wagatsuma.imr.tohoku.ac.jp/

URL: 

Published: 2015-06-25  

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