1987 Fiscal Year Final Research Report Summary
On the Historical Research of GAKUDO-SOKAI(Evacuation of Schoolchildren) in Japan
| Project/Area Number |
61510104
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| Research Category |
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
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| Allocation Type | Single-year Grants |
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| Research Field |
Educaion
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| Research Institution | Fac. of Education Hokkaido Univ. |
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Principal Investigator |
HEMMI Masaaki Fac. of Education, Hokkaido Univ., 教育学部, 助教授 (20002321)
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| Project Period (FY) |
1986 – 1987
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| Keywords | Evacuation of People / Evacuation of School children / Air-bombing / 空襲 |
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| Research Abstract |
The results show:
1. The earliest reterence to evacuation that we identified is in an internal document,"Guiding Principles Concerning Civil Anti-Airattack-Operations", issued by the Department of War & General Staff Office in 1940. The army did not take an active stance on this matter for under the Guiding Principles only those who would constitute an obstruction to fire-fighting operations were subject to be evacuated (i.e. the aged, the sicked etc.).
2. The Cabimet decision on 15th October 1943 concerning the encouragement of the evacuation of people was stipulated in a document: "The Evacuation of Plants, Premises & People in the Capital and Major Cities". The goverment's fear of causing the loss of fighting spirit among the general public and its inability in furmishing the place of refuge prevented the enforcement of compulsive evacuation. In goverment propagand, the image imposed was that evacuation was a part of militaly dispositions rather than escape. However, no evacuation was carried out as a result of govenment encouragenent.
3. As no progress was made in carring out general evacuation of people as planned by the government, the policy was abandoned. In stead, the government made a decision strongly enforce the evacuation of schoolchildren on a Vise-Mimistter's Conference on 9th March 1944. The decision was included in: Guiding Principles concerning the Evacuation of People in Tokyo-Yokohama areas, The evacuation of the school children was make possible by 2 facts: (1)Minimal equipment (i.e. one futon & one nepsack for each person) & minimal facilities ware required,(2)School systems were already under govenment control.
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