Neural mechanisms of data abstraction and deductive inference in the prefrontal cortex

• Project Area: Correspondence and Fusion of Artificial Intelligence and Brain Science
• Project/Area Number: 16H06571
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)
• Allocation Type: Single-year Grants
• Review Section: Complex systems
• Research Institution: Tamagawa University
• Principal Investigator: 坂上 雅道 玉川大学, 脳科学研究所, 教授 (10225782)
• Project Period (FY): 2016-06-30 – 2021-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2020)
• Budget Amount: ¥95,680,000 (Direct Cost: ¥73,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥22,080,000); Fiscal Year 2020: ¥14,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥10,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,240,000); Fiscal Year 2019: ¥14,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥11,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,450,000); Fiscal Year 2018: ¥14,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥11,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,450,000); Fiscal Year 2017: ¥14,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥11,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,450,000); Fiscal Year 2016: ¥36,790,000 (Direct Cost: ¥28,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥8,490,000)
• Keywords: 前頭前野 / 大脳基底核 / カテゴリー / 推論 / ニホンザル / 演繹 / カテゴリー推論 / ユタアレー / カルシウムイメージング / マカクザル / ユタアレイ / 前頭前野外側部 / 大脳基底核線条体 / ユタアレー電極 / GCaMP / モデルベース / モデルフリー / サル / ウイルスベクター / ファイバーマイクロスコピー / デコーディング / AI / ウイ / 神経科学 / 認知科学 / 人工知能

Outline of Annual Research Achievements

抽象化に基づく推論とは、刺激や反応の抽象化により形成された概念が意味を持つことにより、概念に関係する個々の刺激（あるいは反応）にその意味が敷衍化していくことである。カテゴリー推論は、その例である。ある学校におけるクラスを想定してみると、クラスはカテゴリー（機能的カテゴリー）であり、クラスの学生がカテゴリーのメンバーである。ある学生が授業を欠席しても、クラスメートに宿題が出ていることがわかれば、欠席した学生もその宿題をやらなければならないことはわかる。カテゴリーであるクラスに「宿題をやらなければならない」という「意味」が与えられると、その「意味」はそのカテゴリーに属すすべてのメンバーに敷衍化するからである。
我々はそのような構造をもったカテゴリー推論課題をサルに訓練しニューロン活動の記録を行った。前頭前野外側部（LPFC）のニューロンには、視覚情報の違いに応答するニューロンと、報酬の違いに応答するニューロンと、視覚情報と報酬情報の組み合わせに応答するニューロンがあるが、LPFCニューロンにおける視覚情報は、すべてカテゴリーをコードしていた。刺激がカテゴリーのメンバーであると認識されれば、同様の応答をする。すなわち、刺激によりそれが属するカテゴリーの情報が活性化され、カテゴリーと結びついた意味の情報も活性化されることになる。我々は、このような前頭前野外側部ニューロンの応答が抽象化（この場合カテゴリー）に基づく推論のメカニズムであると考え、現在論文を投稿し、revision中である。
また、複数の刺激と刺激の関係を学習する課題をサルに訓練し、マルチ電極で多数のニューロン活動を記録し、その後刺激にカテゴリー的な意味を与え、課題を再学習する過程で前頭前野外側部からニューロン活動を記録することによって、前頭前野のニューロン群がカテゴリーを作り出していく過程を観察することができた。

Research Progress Status

令和2年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

令和2年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Research Products

• [Journal Article] The cost of obtaining rewards enhances the reward prediction error signal of midbrain dopamine neurons (2019)
  • Author(s): Tanaka Shingo、O’Doherty John P.、Sakagami Masamichi
  • Journal Title: Nature Communications Volume: 10 Pages: 3674-3674
  • DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11334-2
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Association of the oxytocin receptor gene with attitudinal trust in men: role of the amygdala volume. (2018)
  • Author(s): Nishina K, Takagishi H, Fermin ASR, Inoue-Murayama M, Takahashi H, Sakagami M, Yamagishi T
  • Journal Title: Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Volume: 13 Pages: 1091-1097
  • DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy075
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Differences in reward processing between putative cell types in primate prefrontal cortex (2017)
  • Author(s): Fan H, Pan X, Wang R, Sakagami M
  • Journal Title: PLoS ONE Volume: 12
  • DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189771
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Behavioural Differences and Neural Substrates of Altruistic and Spiteful Punishment (2017)
  • Author(s): Toshio Yamagishi, Yang Li, Alan S. R. Fermin, Ryota Kanai, Haruto Takagishi, Yoshie Matsumoto, Toko Kiyonari & Masamichi Sakagami
  • Journal Title: Scientific Reports Volume: 7
  • DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15188-w
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Response time in economic games reflects different types of decision conflict for prosocial and proself individuals (2017)
  • Author(s): Yamagishi T, Matsumoto Y, Kiyonari T, Takagishi H, Li Y, Kanai R, Sakagami M
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Volume: 114(24) Pages: 6394-6399
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608877114
  • NAID: 40021890559
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Reward information encoded by power of local field potentials in the primate prefrontal Cortex and striatum (2017)
  • Author(s): Chen YY, Pan XC, Wang RB, Sakagami M
  • Journal Title: Sheng Li Xue Bao Volume: 69 Pages: 385-396
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Signal Belief in Choice Accuracy during a Perceptual Decision (2017)
  • Author(s): Lak A, Nomoto K, Keramati M, Sakagami M, Kepecs A
  • Journal Title: Current biology Volume: 27（6） Pages: 821-832
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.026
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Characteristics of fast-spiking neurons in the striatum of behaving monkeys. (2016)
  • Author(s): Yamada H, Inokawa H, Hori Y, Pan X, Matsuzaki R, Nakamura K, Samejima K, Shidara M, Kimura M, Sakagami M, Minamimoto T.
  • Journal Title: Neuroscience research Volume: 105 Pages: 2-18
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.10.003
  • NAID: 120005770830
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] Functional connectivity between prefrontal cortex and striatum estimated by phase locking value (2016)
  • Author(s): Zhang Y, Pan X, Wang R, Sakagami M
  • Journal Title: Cognitive neurodynamics Volume: 10（3） Pages: 245-254
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11571-016-9376-2
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Reward value enhances post-decision error-related activity in the cingulate cortex (2016)
  • Author(s): Taylor JE, Ogawa A, Sakagami M.
  • Journal Title: Neuroscience research Volume: 印刷中 Pages: 38-46
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.12.009
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Rawlsian maximin rule operates as a common cognitive anchor in distributive justice and risky decisions (2016)
  • Author(s): Kameda T, Inukai K, Higuchi S, Ogawa A, Kim H, Matsuda T, Sakagami M
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Volume: 113（42） Pages: 11817-11822
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602641113
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Journal Article] Cognitive Functions in the Prefrontal Association Cortex; Transitive Inference and the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (2016)
  • Author(s): Tanaka S, Oguchi M, Sakagami M.
  • Journal Title: BRAIN and NERVE Volume: 68（11） Issue: 11 Pages: 1263-1270
  • DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416200590
  • NAID: 40021002710
  • ISSN: 1344-8129, 1881-6096
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Presentation] Endomicroscopic Calcium Imaging from the Macaque Primary Visual Cortex (2020)
  • Author(s): Mineki Oguchi, Jiang Jiasen, Toshihide W Yoshioka, Yasuhiro Tanaka, Kenichi Inoue, Masahiko Takada, Takefumi Kikusui, Kensaku Nomoto, Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: 第43回日本神経科学大会
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Generalization of information: integrative encoding or category-based inference? (2020)
  • Author(s): Jessie Taylor, Helen Barron, Xiaochuan Pan, Dasa Zeithamova, Masamichi Sakagami, Aurelio Cortese
  • Organizer: The 2020 GAC (Generative Adversarial Collaborations) workshop
• [Presentation] Value decoding from Electro-Cortico-Graphic signals in monkey prefrontal cortices (2020)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: The 6th CiNet Conference: Brain-Machine Interface-Medical Engineering based on Neuroscience
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Chemogenetic Inactivation Using Double Virus Vector Infection Reveals the Inhibitory Function of the Prefronto-striatal Pathway in the Macaque Brain (2019)
  • Author(s): Mineki Oguchi, Shingo Tanaka, Xiaochuan Pan, Takefumi Kikusui, Shigeki Kato, Kazuto Kobayashi, and Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: The International Basal Ganglia Society
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Enhancement of the reward prediction error signal of midbrain dopamine neuron by the cost of obtaining the reward (2019)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami., John O'Doherty., Shingo Tanaka
  • Organizer: ICCN 2019
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Enhancement of the reward prediction error signal of midbrain dopamine neuron by the cost of obtaining the reward (2019)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: Society for Neuro Economics Dublin
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Chemogenetic Inactivation Using Double Virus Vector Infection Reveals the Inhibitory Function of the Prefronto-striatal Pathway in the Macaque Brain (2019)
  • Author(s): Mineki Oguchi, Shingo Tanaka, Xiaochuan Pan, Takefumi Kikusui, Keiko Moriya-Ito, Shigeki Kato, Kazuto Kobayashi, Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: Annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience 2019
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Neuronal mechanisms on inductive abstraction and deductive generation of information (2019)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: The 7th Research Area Meeting of Scientific Research on Innovative Areas: Artificial Intelligence and Brain Science
• [Presentation] Chemogenetic Inactivation Using Double Virus Vector Infection Reveals the Inhibitory Function of the Prefronto-striatal Pathway in the Macaque Brain (2019)
  • Author(s): Mineki Oguchi, Shingo Tanaka, Xiaochuan Pan, Takefumi Kikusui. Keiko Moriya-Ito,Shigeaki Kato, Kazuto Kobayashi, Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: Scientific Research on Innovative Areas: Artifical Intelligence and Brain Science
• [Presentation] Chemogenetic Inactivation Using Double Virus Vector Infection Revealed the Function of the Prefronto-striatal Pathway in the Macaque Brain (2019)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: HangZhou Forum on Cognitive Neuroscience and Intelligent Application
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] サル前頭前野皮質脳波信号からの価値情報のデコーディングとニューロフィードバックによる価値情報の変更 (2018)
  • Author(s): 坂上雅道
  • Organizer: 新学術領域研究「人工知能と脳科学」「適応回路シフト」合同領域会議 研究戦略ワークショップ
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Microendoscopic calcium imaging from the prefrontal cortex of awake macaque monkey (2018)
  • Author(s): Mineki Oguchi, Takehiko Ito, Jiasen Jiang, Kensaku Nomoto, Takefumi Kikusui, Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: The Joint Research Area Meeting Scientific Research on Innovative Areas: “Artifical Intelligence and Brain Science”and “Adaptive Circuit Shift”
• [Presentation] ウイルスベクター二重遺伝子導入法を用いた化学遺伝学的不活化によるマカク前頭前野-線条体回路の機能解明 (2018)
  • Author(s): 小口峰樹、坂上雅道
  • Organizer: 平成30年度第1回大脳基底核機能研究会
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Oxytocin receptor gene regulates resting-state functional connectivity of attitudinal trust (2018)
  • Author(s): Nishina K., Inoue-Murayama M., Takahashi H., Sakagami M., Matsuda T., Yamagishi T., Takagishi H
  • Organizer: HBES Annual Meeting
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Introduction of Japan-U.S.Brain Research Cooperative Program(BRCP) (2018)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: The 41th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Value Decoding from ElectroCorticoGraphic Signals in Monkey Prefrontal Cortices and its Modulation by Decorded Neurofeedback (2018)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: The 41th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Chemogenetic Inactivation Using Double Virus Vector Infection Elucidates the Function of the Prefronto-striatal Circuit in the Macaque Brain (2018)
  • Author(s): 小口峰樹 坂上雅道
  • Organizer: 国際ワークショップ 「遺伝子導入技術の利用による霊長類脳機能操作とイメージング」
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Decoding value-related signal represented in multiple areas of the prefrontal cortex using ECoG electrode (2018)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: The 4th Conference on Cognitive Neurodynamics
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] オキシトシン受容体遺伝子多型と一般的信頼の関連 (2018)
  • Author(s): 仁科国之・高岸治人・井上-村山美穂・高橋英彦・坂上雅道・山岸俊男・松田哲也
  • Organizer: 日本社会心理学会第59回大会
• [Presentation] 意思決定に関わる2つの神経回路と向社会性 (2018)
  • Author(s): 坂上雅道
  • Organizer: 日本心理学会第82回大会
• [Presentation] Neuronal mechanisms on inductive abstraction and deductive generation of information (2018)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: The 5th Research Area Meeting Scientific Research on Innovative Areas: Artifical Intelligence and Brain
• [Presentation] Chemogenetic Inactivation Using Double Virus Vector Infection Reveals the Inhibitory Function of the Prefronto-striatal Pathway in the Macaque Brain (2018)
  • Author(s): Mineki Oguchi Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: Workshop "Genetic technologies for systems neuroscience in non-human primates"
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Social Value Orientation is Associated with the Role of Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Prosocial Behavior (2018)
  • Author(s): Takagishi, H., Sakagami, M., & Yamagishi, T
  • Organizer: The 19th annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology,
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Multiple Neural Circuits In Value-based Decision Making (2018)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: Brain Engineering Society of Korea(BESK) Brain AI Symposium
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Decoding the value related signal represented in multiple areas of the prefrontal cortex using ECoG electrodes (2018)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: Joint Workshop on AI Flagship Project for Interaction & Emotion and AI & Brain Science project 2018
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] 意思決定に関わる2つの神経回路とその相互作用 (2017)
  • Author(s): 坂上雅道
  • Organizer: 「精神発達障害から考察するdecision makingの分子的基盤」2016年度第１回研究会
  • Place of Presentation: 公益財団法人国際高等研究所（京都府木津市）
  • Year and Date: 2017-02-19
  • Invited
• [Presentation] 向社会的行動の遺伝的基盤 (2017)
  • Author(s): 仁科国之・高岸治人・井上-村山美穂・高橋英彦・坂上雅道・山岸俊男
  • Organizer: 日本人間行動進化学会第10回大会
• [Presentation] アルギニンバソプレシン受容体遺伝子と向社会的行動の関連 (2017)
  • Author(s): 仁科国之・高岸治人・井上-村山美穂・高橋英彦・坂上雅道・山岸俊男
  • Organizer: 第7回社会神経科学研究会
• [Presentation] Elucidating the role of the macaque lateral prefrontal cortex for the value-based decision making using the decoded neurofeedback (2017)
  • Author(s): Tanaka S, Kawasaki K,Hasegawa I, Suzuki T, Kawato M and Sakagami M
  • Organizer: Real-time Functional Neuroimaging and Neurofeedback 2017
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Spatial and temporal distribution of value-related and the visual information in the macaque lateral ptefrontal cortex (2017)
  • Author(s): Tanaka S, Kawasaki K, Hasegawa I, Suzuki T, Kawato M and Sakagami M.
  • Organizer: The 47th annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Dissociable functions of reward inference in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the striatum (2017)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: The 44th Naito Conference
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Distribution of value related information in the multiple areas of the macaque prefrontal cortex (2017)
  • Author(s): Tanaka S, Kawasaki K, Hasegawa I, Suzuki T, Kawato M and Sakagami M
  • Organizer: The 40th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Categorical coding of stimulus and inference of the value in the monkey lateral prefrontal cortex (2017)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: Max Prank Institute Germany
  • Invited
• [Presentation] ategorical Coding of Stimulus and Inference of the Value in the Monkey Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (2017)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: Joint Workshop on AI and Neuroscience
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] The reward prediction error signal of midbrain dopamine neuron is modulated by the cost paid for the reward (2017)
  • Author(s): Masamichi Sakagami
  • Organizer: The Forum on Cognitive Neuroscience Frontier 2017
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Decoding The Value Of Juice From Electrocorticographic Signals In Monkey Prefrontal Cortices And Its Modulation Through The Decoded Neurofeedback (2016)
  • Author(s): 坂上雅道
  • Organizer: Australasian Neuroscience Society 2016
  • Place of Presentation: Grand Chancellor（オーストラリア）
  • Year and Date: 2016-12-04
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Elucidating the Function of the Prefronto-striatal Circuit of the Macaque Brain Using the Double Virus Vector Infection (2016)
  • Author(s): 小口峰樹 坂上雅道
  • Organizer: NHP Chemogenetics workshop
  • Place of Presentation: NIH（米国）
  • Year and Date: 2016-11-29
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 脳と心の接点を探る研究の最前線 (2016)
  • Author(s): 坂上雅道
  • Organizer: 日本理論心理学会第62回大会シンポジウム
  • Place of Presentation: 千葉経済大学（千葉県千葉市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-11-27
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Elucidating the Function of the Prefronto-striatal Circuit of the Macaque Brain Using the Double Virus Vector Infection (2016)
  • Author(s): 坂上雅道
  • Organizer: Rochester Conte Center Symposium
  • Place of Presentation: University of Rochester（米国）
  • Year and Date: 2016-10-12
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Signal Interaction between Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum in Asymmetric Reward Task (2016)
  • Author(s): 坂上雅道
  • Organizer: The third Conference on Cognitive Neurodynamics
  • Place of Presentation: 敦煌 蘭州理工大学（中国蘭州市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-08-05
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Elucidating the Function of the Prefronto-striatal Circuit of the Macaque Brain Using the Double Virus Vector Infaction (2016)
  • Author(s): 田中慎吾、小口峰樹、坂上雅道
  • Organizer: 第39回日本神経科学大会
  • Place of Presentation: パシフィコ横浜（神奈川県横浜市）
  • Year and Date: 2016-07-20
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Book] 連合野ハンドブック 完全版 (2021)
  • Author(s): 河村 満
  • Total Pages: 322
  • Publisher: 医学書院
  • ISBN: 9784260043434
• [Book] 推移的推論の脳メカニズム－汎用人工知能の計算理論構築をめざして－ (2017)
  • Author(s): 田中慎吾 坂上雅道
  • Total Pages: 1025
  • Publisher: 人工知能