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Search for new natural products ligands having effects on disease and development pathways

Planned Research

Project AreaChemical Biology using bioactive natural products as specific ligands: identification of molecular targets and regulation of bioactivity
Project/Area Number 23102008
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Review Section Science and Engineering
Research InstitutionChiba University

Principal Investigator

Ishibashi Masami  千葉大学, 薬学研究科(研究院), 教授 (90212927)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) ARAI A. Midori  千葉大学, 大学院薬学研究院, 准教授 (40373261)
TOUME Kazufumi  千葉大学, 大学院薬学研究院, 助教 (80563981)
ISHIKAWA Naoki  千葉大学, 大学院薬学研究院, 助教 (20748826)
Project Period (FY) 2011-04-01 – 2016-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2015)
Budget Amount *help
¥43,290,000 (Direct Cost: ¥33,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥9,990,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥9,230,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,130,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥9,230,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,130,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥9,750,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,250,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥9,620,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,220,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥5,460,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,260,000)
Keywordsシグナル伝達 / 生理活性 / 薬学 / 生体分子 / 有機化学 / 蛋白質 / 天然物 / スクリーニング / ウィント / ヘッジホッグ
Outline of Final Research Achievements

Screening programs targeting biological pathways such as TRAIL, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling and bHLH transcriptional factors resulted in isolation of a variety of bioactive compounds from our natural products collection and natural products based synthetic compounds such as calotropin, a caldenolide with Wnt signal inhibitory activity through enhancement of mRNA expression of casein kinase 1α, artonin E, a prenylated flavone with TRAIL resistance overcoming activity, and vitetrifolin D, a diterpene with hedgehog signal inhibitory activity. Search for Hes1 dimer inhibitors by target protein oriented natural products isolation (TPO-NAPI) using Hes1-beads HPLC system was examined for rapid discovery of natural products with differentiation activating effects of neural stem cells to yield agalloside, a flavonoid glycoside from extract of Aquilaria agallocha (Thymelaeaceae), and inohanamine, a new piperidine alkaloid with a triene side chain, isolated from a Streptomyces strain IFM11584.

Report

(6 results)
  • 2015 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2014 Annual Research Report
  • 2013 Annual Research Report
  • 2012 Annual Research Report
  • 2011 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (59 results)

All 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (2 results) Journal Article (21 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 3 results,  Peer Reviewed: 21 results,  Acknowledgement Compliant: 9 results) Presentation (22 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 2 results,  Invited: 11 results) Book (7 results) Remarks (4 results) Patent(Industrial Property Rights) (3 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] クルナ大学/ダッカ大学(バングラデシュ)

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] コンケン大学(タイ)

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Scopadulciol, Isolated from Scoparia dulcis, Induces β-Catenin Degradation and Overcomes Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis Ligand Resistance in AGS Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells2015

    • Author(s)
      Fuentes, R. G.; Toume, K.; Arai, M. A.; Sadhu, S. K.; Ahmed, F.; Ishibashi, M.
    • Journal Title

      J. Nat. Prod.

      Volume: 11 Issue: 4 Pages: 864-872

    • DOI

      10.1021/np500933v

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] 9-Hydorxycanthin-6-one, a β-carboline alkaloid from Eurycoma longifolia, is the first Wnt signal inhibitor through activation of GSK3β without depending on CK1α2015

    • Author(s)
      Ohishi, K.; Toume, K.; Arai, M. A.; Koyano, T.; Kowithayakorn, T.; Mizoguchi, T.; Itoh, M.; Ishibashi, M.
    • Journal Title

      J. Nat. Prod.

      Volume: 11 Issue: 5 Pages: 1139-1146

    • DOI

      10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00153

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Sesquiterpenes with TRAIL-resistance overcoming activity from Xanthium strumarium2015

    • Author(s)
      Utpal K. Karmakar
    • Journal Title

      Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry

      Volume: 23 Issue: 15 Pages: 4746-4754

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.044

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Novel cytotoxic isobenzofuran derivatives from Streptomyces sp. IFM 114902015

    • Author(s)
      Yixizhuoma; Tsukahara, K.; Toume, K.; Ishikawa, N.; Abdelfattah, M. S.; Ishibashi, M.
    • Journal Title

      Tetrahedron Lett.

      Volume: 56 Issue: 46 Pages: 6345-6347

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.09.116

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Boehmenan, a lignan, isolated from Hibiscus ficulneus showed Wnt signal inhibitory activity2015

    • Author(s)
      Takumi Shono
    • Journal Title

      Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters

      Volume: 25 Issue: 14 Pages: 2735-2738

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.037

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Naturally occurring FANCF-Hes1 complex inhibitors from Wrightia religiosa2015

    • Author(s)
      Midori A. Arai
    • Journal Title

      Med. Chem. Commun.

      Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Pages: 455-460

    • DOI

      10.1039/c4md00495g

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Prenylated flavonoids and resveratrol derivatives isolated from Artocarpus communis with the ability to overcome TRAIL resistance2015

    • Author(s)
      Kazufumi Toume
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Natural Products

      Volume: 78 Issue: 1 Pages: 103-110

    • DOI

      10.1021/np500734t

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Inubosin A, B, and C are new acridine alkaloids isolated from Streptomyces sp. IFM 11440 that show Ngn2 promoter activity2015

    • Author(s)
      Midori A. Arai
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Natural Products

      Volume: 78 Issue: 2 Pages: 311-314

    • DOI

      10.1021/np5006218

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Ricinine: a pyridone alkaloid from Ricinus communis that activates the Wnt signaling pathway through casein kinase 1α2014

    • Author(s)
      Kensuke Ohishi
    • Journal Title

      Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry

      Volume: 22 Issue: 17 Pages: 4597-4601

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.027

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Calotropin: a cardenolide from Calotropis gigantea that inhibits Wnt signaling by increasing casein kinase 1α in colon cancer cells2014

    • Author(s)
      Hyun Young Park
    • Journal Title

      ChemBioChem

      Volume: 15 Issue: 6 Pages: 872-878

    • DOI

      10.1002/cbic.201300786

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Physalin H from Solanum nigrum as Hh signaling inhibitor blocks GLI1-DNA complex formation2014

    • Author(s)
      Midori A. Arai
    • Journal Title

      Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry

      Volume: 10 Pages: 134-140

    • DOI

      10.3762/bjoc.10.10

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Xylogranin B: a potent Wnt signal inhibitory limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum2013

    • Author(s)
      Kazufumi Toume
    • Journal Title

      Organic Letters

      Volume: 15 Pages: 6106-6109

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Naturally occurring Ngn2 promoter activators from Butea superba2013

    • Author(s)
      Midori A. Arai
    • Journal Title

      Molecular BioSystems

      Volume: 9 Issue: 10 Pages: 2489-2497

    • DOI

      10.1039/c3mb70083f

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Prenylflavonoids isolated from Artocarpus champeden with TRAIL-resistance overcoming activity2013

    • Author(s)
      Tomohiro Minakawa
    • Journal Title

      Phytochemistry

      Volume: 96 Pages: 299-304

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of mixed 3,3'-bisindoles and their evaluation as Wnt signaling inhibitors2013

    • Author(s)
      Arai, T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Awata, A.; Kamiya, K.; Ishibashi, M.; Arai, M. A.
    • Journal Title

      Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.

      Volume: 52 Issue: 9 Pages: 2486-2490

    • DOI

      10.1002/anie.201208918

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Katorazone, a novelyellow pigment with2-azaquinone-phenylhydrazone structure produced by Streptomyces sp. IFM 112992012

    • Author(s)
      Abdelfattah, M. S.; Toume, K.; Arai, M. A.; Masu, H.; Ishibashi, M.
    • Journal Title

      Tetrahedron Lett

      Volume: 53 Issue: 26 Pages: 3346-3348

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.073

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid and guaianolides from Kandelia candel in a screening program for compounds to overcome TRAIL-resistance2012

    • Author(s)
      Minakawa, T.; Toume, K.; Arai, M. A.; Sadhu, S. K.; Ahmed, F.; Ishibashi, M.
    • Journal Title

      J. Nat. Prod

      Volume: 75 Issue: 8 Pages: 1431-1435

    • DOI

      10.1021/np300179c

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Cycloartane triterpenes and ingol diterpenes isolated from Euphorbia neriifolia in a screening program for death-receptor expression-enhancing activity2012

    • Author(s)
      Kazufumi Toume
    • Journal Title

      Planta medica

      Volume: 78 Issue: 12 Pages: 1370-1377

    • DOI

      10.1055/s-0032-1314975

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] New Hedgehog/GLI-signaling inhibitors from Adenium obesum2011

    • Author(s)
      Arai, M. A.; Tateno, C.; Koyano, T.; Kowithayakorn, T.; Kawabe, S.; Ishibashi, M.
    • Journal Title

      Org. Biomol. Chem

      Volume: 9 Issue: 4 Pages: 1133-1139

    • DOI

      10.1039/c0ob00677g

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] New pyranonaphthoquinones and phenazine alkaloid isolated from Streptomyces sp. IFM11307 with TRAIL resistance-overcoming activity2011

    • Author(s)
      Abdelfattah, M. S.; Toume, K.; Ishibashi, M.
    • Journal Title

      J. Antibiot

      Volume: 64 Issue: 11 Pages: 729-734

    • DOI

      10.1038/ja.2011.85

    • NAID

      10030640679

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] New Hedgehog/GLI signaling inhibitors from Excoecaria agallocha2011

    • Author(s)
      Rifai, Y.; Arai, M. A.; Sadhu, S. K.; Ahmed, F.; Ishibashi, M.
    • Journal Title

      Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett

      Volume: 21 Issue: 2 Pages: 718-722

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.126

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] Natural products-based screening study on disease and development pathways2015

    • Author(s)
      Masami Ishibashi
    • Organizer
      Pacifichem 2015
    • Place of Presentation
      ハワイ
    • Year and Date
      2015-12-14
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] シグナル伝達調節作用をもつテルぺノイド成分の探索2015

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      第59回香料・テルペンおよび精油化学に関する討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      近畿大学
    • Year and Date
      2015-09-05
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Bioactive natural products with TRAIL-resistance overcoming activity from medicinal plants of Bangladesh2015

    • Author(s)
      Firoj Ahmed
    • Organizer
      Inaugural Symposium of the Phytochemical Society of Asia 2015
    • Place of Presentation
      徳島文理大学
    • Year and Date
      2015-08-30
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 神経幹細胞分化活性化を目指した天然基盤分子の探索2015

    • Author(s)
      荒井緑
    • Organizer
      新学術領域研究「天然物ケミカルバイオロジー~分子標的と活性制御~」地区ミニシンポジウム・仙台
    • Place of Presentation
      東北大学
    • Year and Date
      2015-06-30
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] ウィントシグナル阻害作用をもつ天然物のスクリーニング2015

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      天然有機化合物の生合成研究―新潟ミニシンポジウム―
    • Place of Presentation
      新潟大学駅南キャンパス ときめいと
    • Year and Date
      2015-05-22
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Natural products screening studies targeting Wnt, Hedgehog, and TRAIL signaling pathways2014

    • Author(s)
      Masami Ishibashi
    • Organizer
      The 14th International Symposium on Traditional Medicine in Toyama 2014
    • Place of Presentation
      富山
    • Year and Date
      2014-10-28
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Natural products screening studies on Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways2014

    • Author(s)
      Masami Ishibashi
    • Organizer
      The 28th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products and the 8th International Conference on Biodiversity
    • Place of Presentation
      上海,中国
    • Year and Date
      2014-10-23
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Calotropis giantea およびXylocarpus granatum からのウィントシグナル阻害成分の探索2014

    • Author(s)
      當銘一文
    • Organizer
      第56回天然有機化合物討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      高知
    • Year and Date
      2014-10-17
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Artocarpus communis由来のTRAIL耐性克服作用をもつプレニルフラボン成分2014

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      第58回香料・テルペンおよび精油化学に関する討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      和歌山
    • Year and Date
      2014-09-21
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] バングラデシュ天然薬物資源調査2014

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      第4回天然物パワーシンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Year and Date
      2014-07-19
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Search for naturally occurring neural stem cells activators that modulate bHLH transcriptional factors2012

    • Author(s)
      荒井緑
    • Organizer
      7th International Conference on Cutting-Edge Organic Chemistry in Asia
    • Place of Presentation
      シンガポール
    • Year and Date
      2012-12-11
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 微生物由来天然物をはじめとするシグナル伝達作用物質の探索に関する研究2012

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      平成24年度住木・梅澤記念賞受賞講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Year and Date
      2012-11-08
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] TRAIL耐性克服作用をもつ天然物の探索:Artocarpus champedenのプレニルフラボン成分2012

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      第56回香料・テルペンおよび精油化学に関する討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      鹿児島
    • Year and Date
      2012-10-27
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 植物成分に学ぶ:ウィントシグナルに作用する天然物2012

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      第10回積水化学自然に学ぶものづくりフォーラム
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Year and Date
      2012-10-15
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 千葉産放線菌由来新規生物活性芳香族複素環化合物2012

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      第54回天然有機化合物討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Year and Date
      2012-09-18
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 天然物と千葉2011

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      千葉市科学フェスタ2011および国立大学フェスタ2011千葉大学薬学部公開講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉(招待講演)
    • Year and Date
      2011-11-06
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 天然物パワーをひきだすものとりを目指して2011

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      第46回天然物化学談話会
    • Place of Presentation
      熱川(招待講演)
    • Year and Date
      2011-07-07
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヘッジホッグおよびウィントシグナル阻害作用をもつ天然物の探索2011

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      第15回日本がん分子標的治療学会学術集会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Year and Date
      2011-06-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] New bioactive aromatic heterocycles isolated from actinomycetes collected in Chiba area

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      The 8th International Conference on Cutting-Edge Organic Chemistry in Asia
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Bioactive Heterocyclic Natural Products from Actinomycetes Collected in Chiba Area Isolated in Screening Programs Targeting Signaling Pathways

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      13th International Conference on the Chemistry of Antibiotics and other bioactive compounds
    • Place of Presentation
      山梨
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 神経幹細胞で働く転写因子Hes1ビーズを用いる迅速的天然物探索

    • Author(s)
      石川直樹
    • Organizer
      天然有機化合物討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      京都
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Vitex negundoから単離したヘッジホッグシグナル阻害作用をもつジテルペン

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Organizer
      香料・テルペンおよび精油化学に関する討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      さいたま
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] ウォーレン 有機化学 上 第2版 (野依良治ら編)2015

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Total Pages
      728
    • Publisher
      東京化学同人
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] 大学院講義有機化学Ⅱ(第2版) (野依良治ら編)2015

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Total Pages
      476
    • Publisher
      東京化学同人
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] ウォーレン有機化学第2版(上)2015

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Total Pages
      682
    • Publisher
      東京化学同人
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] 有機スペクトル解析ワークブック(翻訳)2014

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Total Pages
      251
    • Publisher
      東京化学同人
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] 橋本祐一,村田道雄編,“生体有機化学”2012

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Total Pages
      16
    • Publisher
      東京化学同人
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] 自然のなかに薬をさがす~千葉発の天然物研究小話2011

    • Author(s)
      石橋正己
    • Total Pages
      94
    • Publisher
      千葉日報社
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] ベーシック有機構造解析2011

    • Author(s)
      森田博史, 石橋正己
    • Total Pages
      214
    • Publisher
      化学同人
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] 千葉大学大学院薬学研究院活性構造化学研究室

    • URL

      http://www.p.chiba-u.jp/lab/kassei/index.html

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report 2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] 千葉大学大学院薬学研究院活性構造化学研究室

    • URL

      http://www.p.chiba-u.ac.jp/lab/kouzou/

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] 活性構造化学研究室

    • URL

      http://www.p.chiba-u.ac.jp/lab/kouzou/

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://www.p.chiba-u.ac.jp/lab/kouzou/

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] エルモニン2013

    • Inventor(s)
      石橋正己
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      千葉大学
    • Industrial Property Rights Type
      特許
    • Industrial Property Number
      2013-068062
    • Filing Date
      2013-03-28
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] Ngn2プロモーター活性化剤inubosin B2013

    • Inventor(s)
      荒井緑
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      千葉大学
    • Industrial Property Rights Type
      特許
    • Industrial Property Number
      2013-040146
    • Filing Date
      2013-02-28
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 非対象光学活性ビスインドール化合物のWntシグナリング制御能2013

    • Inventor(s)
      荒井孝義
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      千葉大学
    • Industrial Property Rights Type
      特許
    • Industrial Property Number
      2013-032667
    • Filing Date
      2013-02-21
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2011-08-01   Modified: 2019-07-29  

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