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Theoretical study on the number of solutions and the stability on transistor circuits

Research Project

Project/Area Number 13650414
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Research Field 情報通信工学
Research InstitutionKyushu University

Principal Investigator

NISHI Tetsuo  KYUSHU UNIVERSITY, Fac. of Information Science and Electrical Eng., Professor, システム情報科学研究院, 教授 (40037908)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) OGATA Masato  KYUSHU UNIVERSITY, Research Associate, 助手 (90325548)
TAKAHASHI Norikazu  KYUSHU UNIVERSITY, Associate Professor, 助教授 (60284551)
NISHI Tetsuo  KYUSHU UNIVERSITY, Fac. of Information Science and Electrical Eng., Professor (40037908)
佐藤 秀則  大分高等工業専門学校, 電気電子工学科, 助教授 (50162467)
實松 豊  九州大学, システム情報科学研究院, 助手 (60336063)
Project Period (FY) 2001 – 2003
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2003)
Budget Amount *help
¥3,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,200,000)
Fiscal Year 2003: ¥1,100,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000)
Fiscal Year 2002: ¥1,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000)
Fiscal Year 2001: ¥1,100,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000)
Keywordstransistor circuits / no-of solutions / stability / stability condition for CNN / global stability / CNNによる信号処理 / 大域安定 / 離散時間2値システム
Research Abstract

This study aims to pursue two subjects on nonlinear active circuits including transistor circuits. One is to investigate the maximum number of solutions of transistor circuits under the prescribed topology. This problem was proposed by the Technical Committee on Nonlinear Circuits and Systems of the IEEE CAS Society several years ago.. The other is to investigate the stability conditions for general active circuits including transistor circuits. The main results of this research are summarized as follows:
1.We showed that the algebraic equations which have two variables and whose nonlinear terms are exponential functions of the variables have at most five solutions. This type of equations come from transistor circuits.. The above result show that the well-known conjecture does not hol in general.
2.We give some sufficient conditions for the denominator polynomial of active RC circuits including transistor circuits not to yield negative coefficients due to parasitic elements. This result then shows some conditions for stability of this class of circuits.
3.We give the necessary and sufficient conditions for a one-dimensional discrete-time cellular neural network, which is a class of active analog circuits.
4.We give the necessary and sufficient condition for the second-order differential equations to be globally stable.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2003 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report Summary
  • 2002 Annual Research Report
  • 2001 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (58 results)

All Other

All Publications (58 results)

  • [Publications] Masato Ogata, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "A Consideration on the Asymptotic Stability of DC Operating Points of Transistor Circuits"Proceedings of 2001 IEEJ International Analog VLSI Workshop. 173-177 (2001)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Hidenori Sato, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Signal Processing by One-dimensional Discrete-time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with A- and B-Template"Proceedings of the 2001 International Technical Conference on Circuits/System, Computers and Communications. Vol.2. 1280-1283 (2001)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "On the Global Stability of Two-Cell Cellular Neural Networks with Opposite-Sign Connections"Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design. vol.3. 93-96 (2001)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Yutaka Jitsumatsu, Tetsuo Nishi: "On the Number of solutions for a Class of Piecewise-Linear Equations Related to Transistor Circuits"IEICE Trans.Fundamentals. vol.E84-A. 2221-2229 (2001)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Hidenori Sato, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "One-dimensional Discrete-time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with A- and B-templates"Proceedings of 2001 International Symposium on Nonlinear Theory and its Applications. vol.1. 51-54 (2001)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Tetsuo Nishi, Hidenori Sato, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for One-Dimensional Discrete-Time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with Both A- and B-Templates to be Globally Stable"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. vol.1. 633-636 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for a One-Dimensional Binary CNN to be Stable Under Fixed Boudaries"Proc.2002 Int.Workshop on Informations. 184-189 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Ryoma Bise, Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "On the Design Method of Cellular Neural Networks for Associative Memories Based on Generalized Eigenvalue Problem"Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications. y. 515-522 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Hidenori Sato, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for One-Dimensional Discrete-Time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with Unspecified Fixed Boundaries to Be Stable"IEICE Trans.Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. vol.E85-A, no.9. 2036-2043 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "A Generalization of Some Complete Stability Conditions for Cellular Neural Networks with Delay"IEICE Trans.Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. vol.E85-A, no.9. 2044-2051 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Two-Cell CNNs with Space-Invariant Connections to be Globally Stable"Proceedings of 2002 International Symposium on Nonlinear Theory and its Applications. 611-614 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Masato Ogata, Tetsuo Nishi: "On the Potential Instability of an RC Active Filter with Op-amps"J.Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing. vol.30. 227-235 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Jun Guo, Yuji Mukuda, Tetsuo Nishi: "Solving a Kind of Optimization Problems by Using SPICE Program"Proc.2002 Int.Sympo.on Nonlinear Theory and its Applications. 395-398 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "Effect of Biases on the Complete Stability of Planar Dynamical Systems related to CNNs"Proceedings of the 2003 Workshop on Nonlinear Dynamics of Electronic Systems. 263-266 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Hajime Hara, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Condition for the Second-Order Discrete-Time Systems Described by the Signum Function to be Stable"Proceedings of the 2003 International Technical Conference on Circuits, Systems, Computers and Communications. 585-588 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Jun Guo, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "A Method for Solving Optimization Problems with Equality Constraints by Using the SPICE Program"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. vol.E86-A, no.9. 2325-2332 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Tetsuo Nishi, Masato Ogata: "On the Relation between the Stored and the Dissipated Energies in Circuits Composed of Linear Capacitors, Linear/nonlinear Resistors, Inductors, Distributed Elements and DC Sources"Proc.2003 European Conf.on Circuit Theory and Design. vol.1. 217-220 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "On Termination of SMO Algorithm for Support Vector Machines"Proceedings of International Symposium on Information Science and Electrical Engineering 2003 (ISEE 2003). 187-190 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Hajime Hara, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "A Consideration on the Stability of the Third-Order Discrete-Time Systems Including Signum Function"Proceedings of International Symposium on Information Science and Electrical Engineering 2003 (ISEE 2003). 22-25 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Ryoma Bise, Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "An Improvement of the Design Method of Cellular Neural Networks Based on Generalized Eigenvalue Minimization"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-I. vol.50,no.12. 1569-1574 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Masato Ogata, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "A Consideration on the Asymptotic Stability of DC Operating Pointsof Transistor Circuits"Proceedings of 2001 IEEJ International Analog VLSI Workshop. 173-177 (2001)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Hidenori Sato, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Signal Processing by One-dimensional Discrete-time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with A-and B-Template"Proceedings of the 2001 International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications. vol.2. 1280-1283 (2001)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "On the Global Stability of Two-Cell Cellular Neural Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, Networks with Opposite-Sign Connections"Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design. vol.3. 93-96 (2001)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Yutaka Jitsumatsu, Tetsuo Nishi: "On the Number of solutions for a Class of Piecewise-Linear Equations Related to Transistor Circuits"IEICE Trans. Fundamentals. vol.E84-A, no.9. 2221-2229 (2001)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Hidenori Sato, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "One-dimensional Discrete -time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with A-and B-templates"Proceedings of 2001 International Symposium on Nonlinear Theory and its Applications. vol.1. 51-54 (2001)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Tetsuo Nishi, Hidenori Sato, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for One Dimensional Discrete-Time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with Both A-and B-Templates to be Globally Stable"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. vol.1. 633-636 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for a One-Dimensional Binary CNN to be Stable Under Fixed Boudaries"Proc. 2002 Int. Workshop on Informations Electrical Engineering. 184-189 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Ryoma Bise, Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "On the Design Method of Cellular Neural Networks for Associative Memories Based on Generalized Eigenvalue Problem"Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications. 515-522 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Hidenori Sato, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for One-Dimensional Discrete-Time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with Unspecified Fixed Boundaries to Be Stable"IEICE Trans. Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. vol.E85-A, no.9. 2036-2043 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "A Generalization of Some Complete Stability Conditions for Cellular Neural Networks with Delay"IEICE Trans. Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. vol.E85-A, no.9. 2044-2051 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Two-Cell CNNs with Space-Invariant Connections to be Globally Stable"Proceedings of 2002 International Symposium on Nonlinear Theory and its Applications. 611-614 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Masato Ogata, Tetsuo Nishi: "On the Potential Instability of an RC Active Filter with Op-amps"J. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing. vol.30. 227-235 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Jun Guo, Yuji Mukuda, Tetsuo Nishi: "Solving a Kind of Optimization Problems by Using SPICE Program"Proc. 2002 Int. Sympo. on Nonlinear Theory and its Applications. 395-398 (2002)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "Effect of Biases on the Complete Stability of Planar Dynamical Systems related to CNNs"Proceedings of the 2003 Workshop on Nonlinear Dynamics of Electronic Systems. 263-266 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Hajime Hara, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Condition for the Second-Order Discrete-Time Systems Described by the Signum Function to be Stable"Proceedings of the 2003 International Technical Conference on Circuits, Systems, Computers and Communications,. 585-588 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Jun Guo, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "A Method for Solving Optimization Problems with Equality Constraints by Using the SPICE Program"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. vol.E86-A, no.9. 2325-2332 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Tetsuo Nishi, Masato Ogata: "On the Relation between the Stored and the Dissipated Energies in Circuits Composed of Linear Capacitors, Linear/nonlinear Resistors, Inductors, Distributed Elements and DC Sources"Proc. 2003 European Conf. on Circuit Theory and Design. vol.1. 217-220 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "On Termination of SMO Algorithm for Support Vector Machines"Proceedings of International Symposium on Information Science and Electrical Engineering 2003 (ISEE 2003). 187-190 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Hajime Hara, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "A Consideration on the Stability of the Third-Order Discrete-Time Systems Including Signum Function"Proceedings of International Symposium on Information Science and Electrical Engineering 2003 (ISEE 2003). 22-25 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Ryoma Bise, Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "An Improvement of the Design Method of Cellular Neural Networks Based on Generalized Eigenvalue on Generalized Eigenvalue Minimization"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and-Systems-I. vol.50, no.12. 1569-1574 (2003)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2003 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "Effect of Biases on the Complete Stability of Planar Dynamical Systems related to CNNs"Proceedings of the 2003 Workshop on Nonlinear Dynamics of Electronic Systems, May. 263-266 (2003)

    • Related Report
      2003 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Hajime Hara, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Condition for the Second-Order Discrete-Time Systems Described by the Signum Function to be Stable"Proceedings of the 2003 International Technical Conference on Circuits, Systems, Computers and Communications, Jul.2003. 585-588 (2003)

    • Related Report
      2003 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Jun Guo, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "A Method for Solving Optimization Problems with Equality Constraints by Using the SPICE Program"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. E86-A, no.9. 2325-2332 (2003)

    • Related Report
      2003 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Tetsuo Nishi, Masato Ogata: "On the Relation between the Stored and the Dissipated Energies in Circuits Composed of Linear Capacitors, Linear/nonlinear Resistors, Inductors, Distributed Elements and DC Sources"Proc.2003 European Conf.on Circuit Theory and Design. Vol.1. 217-220 (2003)

    • Related Report
      2003 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "On Termination of SMO Algorithm for Support Vector Machines"Proceedings of International Symposium on Information Science and Electrical Engineering 2003(ISEE 2003),. Vol.1. 187-190 (2003)

    • Related Report
      2003 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Hajime Hara, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "A Consideration on the Stability of the Third-Order Discrete-Time Systems Including Signum Function'"Proceedings of International Symposium on Information Science and Electrical Engineering 2003(ISEE 2003). Vol.1. 22-25 (2003)

    • Related Report
      2003 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for a One-Dimensional Binary CNN to be Stable Under Fixed Boudaries"Proc. 2002 Int. Workshop on Informations & Electrical Engineering. 184-189 (2002)

    • Related Report
      2002 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Tetsuo Nishi, Hidenori Sato, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for One-Dimensional Discrete-Time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with Both A-and B-Templates to be Globally Stable"Proc. IEEE Int. Sympo. on Circuits and Systems. 633-636 (2002)

    • Related Report
      2002 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Ryoma Bise, Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "On the Design Method of Cellular Neural Networks for Associative Memories Based on Generalized Eigenvalue Problem"Proc. 7th IEEE Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications. 515-522 (2002)

    • Related Report
      2002 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Hidenori Sato, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for One-Dimensional Discrete-Time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with Unspecified Fixed Boundaries to Be Stable"IEICE Transactions Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. E85-A. 2036-2043 (2002)

    • Related Report
      2002 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "A Generalization of Some Complete Stability Conditions for Cellular Neural Networks with Delay"IEICE Transactions Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. E85-A. 2004-2051 (2002)

    • Related Report
      2002 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetsuo Nishi: "Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Two-Cell CNNs with Space-Invariant Connections to be Globally Stable"Proc. 2002 Int. Sympo. on Nonlinear Theory and its Applications. 611-614 (2002)

    • Related Report
      2002 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Masato Ogata, Tetsuo Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "A consideration on the asymptotic stability of dc operating points of Transistor circuits"Proc. of 2001 IEEJ International Analog VLSI Workshop. Vol.1. 173-177 (2001)

    • Related Report
      2001 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Hidenori Sato, Tetuso Nishi, Norikazu Takahashi: "Signal Processing by One-Dimensional Discrete-time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with A-and B-templates"Proc. of 2001 Int. Sympo. on Circuits/Systems, Computers And Communications. Vol.1. 1280-1283 (2001)

    • Related Report
      2001 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] 實松豊, 西哲生: "2トランジスタ回路に対する区分線形方程式の解の個数の上界"九州大学大学院システム情報科学紀要. Vol.6, no.1. 99-06 (2001)

    • Related Report
      2001 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Norikazu Takahashi, Tetuso Nishi: "On the Global Stability of Two-Cell Cellular Neural Networks with Opposite-Sign Connections"Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design. Vol.1. 93-96 (2001)

    • Related Report
      2001 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Yutaka Jitsumatu, Tetsuo Nishi: "On the number of Solutions for a Class of Piecewese-linear Equations Related to Transistor Circuits"IEICE Trans. on Fundamentals. Vol/E84-A No.9. 2221-2229 (2001)

    • Related Report
      2001 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] Tetsuo Nishi, Hidenori Sato, Norikazu Takahashi: "One-dimensional Discrete-time Binary Cellular Neural Networks with A-and B-templates"Proc. of Int. Sympo. on Nonlinear Theory an its Applications. Vol.1. 51-54 (2001)

    • Related Report
      2001 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2001-04-01   Modified: 2016-04-21  

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