| Budget Amount *help |
¥1,600,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,600,000)
Fiscal Year 2005: ¥500,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000)
Fiscal Year 2004: ¥600,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000)
Fiscal Year 2003: ¥500,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000)
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| Research Abstract |
In this report, discovery and discourse analysis of historical information were performed on the subject of sexual differences of women's sports (mainly ball games, gymnastic exercises, Judo, and outdoor recreation and sports) during the Meiji era in Japan. The subject was examined from the following viewpoints. One viewpoint specifically addressed the confrontations and complementarily between medical and sanitarian discourse, which form the bases for biological sex and sexual difference, and social and educational discourse, which form the social norms of femininity and sexual difference. The second viewpoint emphasized relativity between sports, including gymnastic exercises in Europe and the United States, Japanese sports, in addition to domestic and international outdoor exercises, along with creation and evolution in femininity and sexual differences. Furthermore, the analyses were performed based on data (local data) acquired in the educational field, in which women performing t
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he sport appeared, more than on institutional data. This paper presents the historical development of the women's sports, examining knowledge that is included in existing institutional history research.
Results show that, regarding creation and evolution of femininity and sexual difference in women's sports, medical and sanitarian discourse (scientific knowledge) and social and educational discourse (thought and practical knowledge), which had been mutually opposed, eventually united. Furthermore, the turning point of the revolution of femininity and sexual difference (i.e. gender) by the social and educational discourse was hastened during the Meiji formative period in the early 1900s, along with the institutionalization of girls' high schools. For women's sports during the Meiji era, women's sports in Europe and the United States, and Japanese sports were discovered and created through "thought of learning" and "thought on improving sports skills". Regarding cultural maturity of both of those aspects of sports, femininity was positioned as the educational method that cultivated development of a "moral character = gentle womanliness = ladyhood." In addition, outdoor exercises, such as woman's bicycle riding (cycling) and mountain climbing (including excursions), served as status symbols and promoted the release of sports to women. Less
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