| Budget Amount *help |
¥41,730,000 (Direct Cost: ¥32,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥9,630,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥5,330,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,230,000)
Fiscal Year 2018: ¥8,840,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,040,000)
Fiscal Year 2017: ¥8,450,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,950,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥8,840,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,040,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥10,270,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,370,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
To clarify the role of the loss of flight ability in the species diversification process of ground-living beetles in the world, molecular phylogeographic analyses were performed for three groups with flight polymorphisms, Cicindelidae, Carabinae, and Silphinae. These groups were estimated to have diverged in the Jurassic to Cretaceous, and in all of them, basal lineages with deep branching were distributed in the lands of Gondwana origin such as Africa, South America, and Australia, and their species diversity were generally low. Loss of flight ability is observed in most groups of Carabinae, in the basal groups and some of the derived groups in Cicindelidae, and only in the derived groups of Silphinae. The flightlessness was related to low species diversity in the basal lineages of Cicindelidea, whereas it was related to increased species diversity in Carabinae and Silphinae.
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