| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,030,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥930,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2018: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2017: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
This study reviews constitutional precedents in Japan with reference to the three-stage reviews adopted by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. As Japanese constitutional precedents apply the relative benefit principle when reviewing justification, I argue that they should be considered as based on ideas about proportionality. In addition, I clarify that reviews of conformity with regulations about the separation of church and state can be divided into two stages: whether there is any entanglement between state and religion and whether it exceeds the appropriate limits. This research will contribute to increasing the efficacy of judicial remedies of constitutional rights.
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