3 system model: A departure from dual process model

• Project/Area Number: 17H04786
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (A)
• Allocation Type: Single-year Grants
• Research Field: Social psychology
• Research Institution: Doshisha University
• Principal Investigator: Oikawa Masanori 同志社大学, 心理学部, 教授 (40580741)
• Project Period (FY): 2017-04-01 – 2021-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2022)
• Budget Amount: ¥8,060,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,860,000); Fiscal Year 2020: ¥2,080,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥480,000); Fiscal Year 2019: ¥2,210,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥510,000); Fiscal Year 2018: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000); Fiscal Year 2017: ¥2,470,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥570,000)
• Keywords: ３システムモデル / 自己制御 / 意識 / 無意識 / 自動化技術 / 自由意志の感覚 / 通文化妥当性 / 3システムモデル / 社会的認知 / 二重過程理論 / 社会 / 文化 / 実験系心理学

Outline of Final Research Achievements

In psychological studies of will power, it has been widely documented that System 2, requiring conscious effort, plays an important role in human self-regulation. However, to limit reliance on willpower, a finite cognitive resource, people also rely on System 1, automated mental processes. In addition, people have developed System 3, automation technologies to delegate effortful activities.
Based on this three-system model, a series of empirical studies were conducted. The results showed that System 1 and System 3 have different effects on self-regulation in disengaging from System 2. It was also found that by facilitating System 2, the benefits of automation technology can be enjoyed while avoiding its detrimental effects.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

現代社会において、自動化技術の恩恵は過大評価されており、その代償やリスクは過小評価されている。研究の結果、自動化技術は人々を面倒な労働から解放するが、単純に仕事を減らすだけでは、達成感や満足感を奪い、自律性や他者とのつながりを弱体化させ、成長の機会を失わせる危険性もあることが示唆された。また、簡易な意思決定を可能にすることは、決定に伴う自由意志の感覚を損なわせることはないが、活動を委譲することには問題があることが示された。これらの研究の成果は、自動化技術を賢く活用するための指針となるものであり、公平な意思決定を促す社会システムの構築や、自動化技術の開発について考える上で重要となる。

Research Products

• [Int'l Joint Research] California State University Northridge(米国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] University of Toledo/Adrian College/The University of Texas RGV(米国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] UNSW Sydney(オーストラリア)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Philipps-Universität Marburg(ドイツ)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Zheziang University(中国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] University of Ghana(ガーナ)
• [Int'l Joint Research]
• [Int'l Joint Research] Yale University/University of Verginia/The University of Toledo(米国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Vrije Universiteit/Rotteldam University/Radboud University(オランダ)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Université Grenoble Alpes/Poitiers University(フランス)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Universidad de los Andes(コロンビア)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Universidad National Autonoma de Mexico(メキシコ)
• [Int'l Joint Research]
• [Int'l Joint Research] Princeton University/University of Toledo(米国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Radboud University/Utrecht University(オランダ)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Ben-Gurion University of the Negev(Israel)
• [Journal Article] Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings (2018)
  • Author(s): Klein, R. A., Oikawa, M., Oikawa, H., Nosek, B. A. （他）
  • Journal Title: Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science Volume: 1 Issue: 4 Pages: 443-490
  • DOI: 10.1177/2515245918810225
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] The effects of meta-stereotypes and egalitarianism on intergroup interactions (2018)
  • Author(s): 小林智之・及川昌典
  • Journal Title: The Japanese journal of psychology Volume: 88 Issue: 6 Pages: 574-579
  • DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.88.16337
  • NAID: 130006401774
  • ISSN: 0021-5236, 1884-1082
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] For your local eyes only: Culture-specific face typicality influences perceptions of trustworthiness. (2017)
  • Author(s): Sofer, C., Dotsch, R., Oikawa, M., Oikawa, H., Wigboldus, D. H. J., & Todorov, A.
  • Journal Title: Perception Volume: 46 Issue: 8 Pages: 914-928
  • DOI: 10.1177/0301006617691786
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The sense of freedom and choice in default options: How decision architecture influences voluntary actions. (2023)
  • Author(s): Oikawa, M & Oikawa, H
  • Organizer: Society for Personality and Social Psychology Annual Conference
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Unconscious effect of leftward features on product evaluation. (2020)
  • Author(s): Takahashi, K., Oikawa,H., Oikawa,M.
  • Organizer: 21st Annual Conference of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The power of uncertain love: How uncertainty and romantic love priming lead to affect misattribution. (2020)
  • Author(s): Ono, Y., Oikawa,M., Oikawa,H.
  • Organizer: 21st Annual Conference of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Not all goals are created equal: Have-to motivation is advantageous over want-to motivation under moral stress. (2020)
  • Author(s): Sato,H., Oikawa,M.
  • Organizer: 21st Annual Conference of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 不確実性と恋愛プライミングが魅力評価に与える影響 (2019)
  • Author(s): 小野由莉花, 及川昌典, 及川晴
  • Organizer: 日本心理学会第83回大会 立命館大学大阪いばらきキャンパス
• [Presentation] How to heal a broken heart: Sex differences in effects of a new love on an old flame. (2019)
  • Author(s): Ono, Y., Oikawa, M.
  • Organizer: The FOSSIL Conference, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] A cross-cultural study of affect and engagement in physical activity. (2019)
  • Author(s): Murray, A., Pertiwi, Y., Faasse, K., Gyasi-Gyamerah, A., Haegele, G., Helfer, S., Asati, H. A., Minza, W. M., O'Brien, K., Ocansey, R. T., Odue, G., Oikawa, M., Papp-Zipernovszky, O., Patria, B., Seligman, L., Yeung, V., Young, C., & Geers, A.
  • Organizer: 20th Annual Conference of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Portland, OR.
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Stereotyping and fluency misattribution: How cognitive fluency of categorical thinking affects impression formation. (2019)
  • Author(s): Sato, H., Hatta, M., & Oikawa, M.
  • Organizer: 20th Annual Conference of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Portland, OR.
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The ex-files: How incompleteness of an old flame influences post-breakup thoughts and behaviors. (2019)
  • Author(s): Ono, Y., & Oikawa, M.
  • Organizer: 20th Annual Conference of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Portland, OR.
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] ツァイガルニック転移効果：未完結ストーリーが興味・関心と侵入思考に及ぼす影響 (2018)
  • Author(s): 小野由莉花・及川昌典
  • Organizer: 日本心理学会第82回大会 仙台国際センター
• [Presentation] ステレオタイプの流暢性が対人印象に及ぼす影響：ジェンダーステレオタイプを用いた検討 (2018)
  • Author(s): 佐藤春樹・堀田美保・及川昌典
  • Organizer: 日本心理学会第82回大会 仙台国際センター
• [Presentation] He’s just not that in to you, or is he? : Sex differences in intimate friendship and romantic love. (2018)
  • Author(s): Ono, Y. & Oikawa, M.
  • Organizer: 19th Annual Conference of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Atlanta, GA.
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 学習者のパフォーマンス：授業論から「コンピテンシー」を問う (2017)
  • Author(s): 及川昌典
  • Organizer: 日本教育心理学会第59回総会
  • Invited
• [Book] 絶対役立つ社会心理学 (2018)
  • Author(s): 藤田 哲也、村井 潤一郎
  • Total Pages: 256
  • Publisher: ミネルヴァ書房
  • ISBN: 9784623084524
• [Book] パフォーマンスがわかる12の理論 (2017)
  • Author(s): 鹿毛雅治・三宮真智子・山口洋介・遠藤利彦・村山航・外山美樹・犬塚美輪・及川昌典・田上明日香・鈴木伸一・坂上貴之・野中哲士・飛田操・チェインソク
  • Total Pages: 400
  • Publisher: 金剛出版
  • ISBN: 9784772415484